Commit 3a898e67f9154f8d8a2b6679925eb8a01ce904f8
1 parent
41d7dd46
Exists in
master
Update the content file.
Showing
1 changed file
with
21 additions
and
43 deletions
Show diff stats
content.yml
... | ... | @@ -479,32 +479,27 @@ home: |
479 | 479 | functions. Differences up to a few tens of percent may be found between |
480 | 480 | the data and the linearly interpolated values. |
481 | 481 | |
482 | - - title: What about radiative forcing? | |
482 | + - title: Accounting for non CO2 effects? | |
483 | 483 | slug: rfi |
484 | 484 | content: | |
485 | - Radiative forcing accounts for the fact that aviation contributes | |
486 | - to climate change more than just with the emission of carbon dioxide | |
487 | - from burning fuels, by releasing gases and particles directly | |
488 | - into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere | |
489 | - where they have an impact on atmospheric composition. | |
490 | - These gases and particles include | |
491 | - carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), | |
492 | - ozone (O<sub>3</sub>), | |
493 | - and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>); | |
494 | - trigger formation of condensation trails (contrails); | |
495 | - and may increase cirrus cloudiness; | |
496 | - all of which contribute to climate change. | |
497 | - A Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) of 1.9–2 is used by DEFRA, | |
498 | - myclimate and recommended by ADEME | |
485 | + Aviation contributes to climate change more than just with the emission | |
486 | + of Carbon dioxide from burning fuels, by releasing gases and particles | |
487 | + directly into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where | |
488 | + they have an impact on atmospheric composition. | |
489 | + To quantify to total climate impact of burning fuels, the direct | |
490 | + CO2 emission of aircrafts is then multiplied by a factor, which | |
491 | + in the literature refers either to a Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) | |
492 | + or a Global Warming Potential (GWP) integrated over some time period | |
493 | + (a 100-year time horizon was adopted for the Kyoto Protocol to the | |
494 | + United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). | |
495 | + For instance, a Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) of 1.9–2 is used by DEFRA, | |
496 | + and a multiplier of 2 is considered by myclimate and ADEME | |
499 | 497 | (see discussion in [Jungbluth, N. & Meili, |
500 | 498 | C. Int J Life Cycle Assess (2019) 24: 404](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1556-3).). |
501 | 499 | ATMOSFAIR considers a multiplier of 3, for all emissions above 9 km, |
502 | 500 | accounting for the profile of the flight. |
503 | - ICAO, on the other hand does not include a multiplier, | |
504 | - arguing that the scientific community has not settle on a value! | |
505 | - KLM data does not seem to account for radiative forcing either, | |
506 | - as the estimates they provide are close, although a little higher, | |
507 | - than the ones of ICAO. | |
501 | + ICAO, KLM and the French Ministry for the | |
502 | + Ecological and Inclusive Transition do not include a multiplier. | |
508 | 503 | Therefore, the methods based on ICAO, the French Ministry for the |
509 | 504 | Ecological and Inclusive Transition and KLM data are not recommended, |
510 | 505 | but given as methods providing the lowest emissions. |
... | ... | @@ -646,24 +641,7 @@ home: |
646 | 641 | content: | |
647 | 642 | As a personal note, I would like to stress that, as a scientist, I |
648 | 643 | find it very worrying that there are no standards |
649 | - for computing the flight emissions, while we know that flight | |
650 | - travels, releasing carbon dioxide at high altitudes, contribute to | |
651 | - global warming. To take an example, the International Civil | |
652 | - Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a United Nations specialized | |
653 | - agency, established by States in 1944 to manage the | |
654 | - administration and governance of the Convention on | |
655 | - International Civil Aviation. ICAO has global responsibility for | |
656 | - the establishment of standards, recommended practices, and | |
657 | - guidance on various aspects of international civil aviation, | |
658 | - including environmental protection. How can ICAO ignore | |
659 | - radiative forcing in the results provided by its widely used on- | |
660 | - line calculator? (which by the way is the calculator used by the | |
661 | - travel agency of my institute, being a public institution). The | |
662 | - IPCC in its 1999 report have defined the radiative forcing index | |
663 | - to be between 2 and 4. Why ICAO is using 1? This shows the urgent | |
664 | - need to agree on a | |
665 | - common methodology accepted by all parties in computing | |
666 | - flight emission. May this tool help to raise | |
644 | + for computing the flight emissions. May this tool help to raise | |
667 | 645 | awareness on this issue. |
668 | 646 | |
669 | 647 | - title: Additional resources |
... | ... | @@ -757,19 +735,19 @@ estimate: |
757 | 735 | description: Any input is appreciated. Everyone's a critic. |
758 | 736 | use_train_below_km: |
759 | 737 | label: Use train below |
760 | - description: We will use the train carbon dioxide equivalent emission factor below this distance (one leg of the round trip). | |
738 | + description: We will use the train carbon dioxide equivalent emission factor below this great circle distance (one leg of the round trip). | |
761 | 739 | values: |
762 | 740 | - label: Do not consider train |
763 | 741 | value: 0 |
764 | 742 | - label: 100 km (~ 1h by train) |
765 | 743 | value: 100 |
766 | - - label: 300 km (~ 3h by train) | |
744 | + - label: 300 km (~ 5h by train) | |
767 | 745 | value: 300 |
768 | - - label: 500 km (~ 5h by train) | |
746 | + - label: 500 km (~ 8h by train) | |
769 | 747 | value: 500 |
770 | - - label: 700 km (~ 7h by train) | |
748 | + - label: 700 km (~ 10h by train) | |
771 | 749 | value: 700 |
772 | - - label: 1000 km (~ 10h by train) | |
750 | + - label: 1000 km (~ 13h by train) | |
773 | 751 | value: 1000 |
774 | 752 | |
775 | 753 | origin_addresses: | ... | ... |