Commit 3a898e67f9154f8d8a2b6679925eb8a01ce904f8

Authored by Didier BARRET
1 parent 41d7dd46
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content.yml
... ... @@ -479,32 +479,27 @@ home:
479 479 functions. Differences up to a few tens of percent may be found between
480 480 the data and the linearly interpolated values.
481 481  
482   - - title: What about radiative forcing?
  482 + - title: Accounting for non CO2 effects?
483 483 slug: rfi
484 484 content: |
485   - Radiative forcing accounts for the fact that aviation contributes
486   - to climate change more than just with the emission of carbon dioxide
487   - from burning fuels, by releasing gases and particles directly
488   - into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere
489   - where they have an impact on atmospheric composition.
490   - These gases and particles include
491   - carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>),
492   - ozone (O<sub>3</sub>),
493   - and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>);
494   - trigger formation of condensation trails (contrails);
495   - and may increase cirrus cloudiness;
496   - all of which contribute to climate change.
497   - A Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) of 1.9–2 is used by DEFRA,
498   - myclimate and recommended by ADEME
  485 + Aviation contributes to climate change more than just with the emission
  486 + of Carbon dioxide from burning fuels, by releasing gases and particles
  487 + directly into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where
  488 + they have an impact on atmospheric composition.
  489 + To quantify to total climate impact of burning fuels, the direct
  490 + CO2 emission of aircrafts is then multiplied by a factor, which
  491 + in the literature refers either to a Radiative Forcing Index (RFI)
  492 + or a Global Warming Potential (GWP) integrated over some time period
  493 + (a 100-year time horizon was adopted for the Kyoto Protocol to the
  494 + United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).
  495 + For instance, a Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) of 1.9–2 is used by DEFRA,
  496 + and a multiplier of 2 is considered by myclimate and ADEME
499 497 (see discussion in [Jungbluth, N. & Meili,
500 498 C. Int J Life Cycle Assess (2019) 24: 404](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1556-3).).
501 499 ATMOSFAIR considers a multiplier of 3, for all emissions above 9 km,
502 500 accounting for the profile of the flight.
503   - ICAO, on the other hand does not include a multiplier,
504   - arguing that the scientific community has not settle on a value!
505   - KLM data does not seem to account for radiative forcing either,
506   - as the estimates they provide are close, although a little higher,
507   - than the ones of ICAO.
  501 + ICAO, KLM and the French Ministry for the
  502 + Ecological and Inclusive Transition do not include a multiplier.
508 503 Therefore, the methods based on ICAO, the French Ministry for the
509 504 Ecological and Inclusive Transition and KLM data are not recommended,
510 505 but given as methods providing the lowest emissions.
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646 641 content: |
647 642 As a personal note, I would like to stress that, as a scientist, I
648 643 find it very worrying that there are no standards
649   - for computing the flight emissions, while we know that flight
650   - travels, releasing carbon dioxide at high altitudes, contribute to
651   - global warming. To take an example, the International Civil
652   - Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a United Nations specialized
653   - agency, established by States in 1944 to manage the
654   - administration and governance of the Convention on
655   - International Civil Aviation. ICAO has global responsibility for
656   - the establishment of standards, recommended practices, and
657   - guidance on various aspects of international civil aviation,
658   - including environmental protection. How can ICAO ignore
659   - radiative forcing in the results provided by its widely used on-
660   - line calculator? (which by the way is the calculator used by the
661   - travel agency of my institute, being a public institution). The
662   - IPCC in its 1999 report have defined the radiative forcing index
663   - to be between 2 and 4. Why ICAO is using 1? This shows the urgent
664   - need to agree on a
665   - common methodology accepted by all parties in computing
666   - flight emission. May this tool help to raise
  644 + for computing the flight emissions. May this tool help to raise
667 645 awareness on this issue.
668 646  
669 647 - title: Additional resources
... ... @@ -757,19 +735,19 @@ estimate:
757 735 description: Any input is appreciated. Everyone's a critic.
758 736 use_train_below_km:
759 737 label: Use train below
760   - description: We will use the train carbon dioxide equivalent emission factor below this distance (one leg of the round trip).
  738 + description: We will use the train carbon dioxide equivalent emission factor below this great circle distance (one leg of the round trip).
761 739 values:
762 740 - label: Do not consider train
763 741 value: 0
764 742 - label: 100 km (~ 1h by train)
765 743 value: 100
766   - - label: 300 km (~ 3h by train)
  744 + - label: 300 km (~ 5h by train)
767 745 value: 300
768   - - label: 500 km (~ 5h by train)
  746 + - label: 500 km (~ 8h by train)
769 747 value: 500
770   - - label: 700 km (~ 7h by train)
  748 + - label: 700 km (~ 10h by train)
771 749 value: 700
772   - - label: 1000 km (~ 10h by train)
  750 + - label: 1000 km (~ 13h by train)
773 751 value: 1000
774 752  
775 753 origin_addresses:
... ...