From 3a898e67f9154f8d8a2b6679925eb8a01ce904f8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Didier BARRET Date: Thu, 13 Feb 2020 09:05:35 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Update the content file. --- content.yml | 64 +++++++++++++++++++++------------------------------------------- 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 43 deletions(-) diff --git a/content.yml b/content.yml index c102cfc..3833ee3 100644 --- a/content.yml +++ b/content.yml @@ -479,32 +479,27 @@ home: functions. Differences up to a few tens of percent may be found between the data and the linearly interpolated values. - - title: What about radiative forcing? + - title: Accounting for non CO2 effects? slug: rfi content: | - Radiative forcing accounts for the fact that aviation contributes - to climate change more than just with the emission of carbon dioxide - from burning fuels, by releasing gases and particles directly - into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere - where they have an impact on atmospheric composition. - These gases and particles include - carbon dioxide (CO2), - ozone (O3), - and methane (CH4); - trigger formation of condensation trails (contrails); - and may increase cirrus cloudiness; - all of which contribute to climate change. - A Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) of 1.9–2 is used by DEFRA, - myclimate and recommended by ADEME + Aviation contributes to climate change more than just with the emission + of Carbon dioxide from burning fuels, by releasing gases and particles + directly into the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere where + they have an impact on atmospheric composition. + To quantify to total climate impact of burning fuels, the direct + CO2 emission of aircrafts is then multiplied by a factor, which + in the literature refers either to a Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) + or a Global Warming Potential (GWP) integrated over some time period + (a 100-year time horizon was adopted for the Kyoto Protocol to the + United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). + For instance, a Radiative Forcing Index (RFI) of 1.9–2 is used by DEFRA, + and a multiplier of 2 is considered by myclimate and ADEME (see discussion in [Jungbluth, N. & Meili, C. Int J Life Cycle Assess (2019) 24: 404](https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1556-3).). ATMOSFAIR considers a multiplier of 3, for all emissions above 9 km, accounting for the profile of the flight. - ICAO, on the other hand does not include a multiplier, - arguing that the scientific community has not settle on a value! - KLM data does not seem to account for radiative forcing either, - as the estimates they provide are close, although a little higher, - than the ones of ICAO. + ICAO, KLM and the French Ministry for the + Ecological and Inclusive Transition do not include a multiplier. Therefore, the methods based on ICAO, the French Ministry for the Ecological and Inclusive Transition and KLM data are not recommended, but given as methods providing the lowest emissions. @@ -646,24 +641,7 @@ home: content: | As a personal note, I would like to stress that, as a scientist, I find it very worrying that there are no standards - for computing the flight emissions, while we know that flight - travels, releasing carbon dioxide at high altitudes, contribute to - global warming. To take an example, the International Civil - Aviation Organization (ICAO) is a United Nations specialized - agency, established by States in 1944 to manage the - administration and governance of the Convention on - International Civil Aviation. ICAO has global responsibility for - the establishment of standards, recommended practices, and - guidance on various aspects of international civil aviation, - including environmental protection. How can ICAO ignore - radiative forcing in the results provided by its widely used on- - line calculator? (which by the way is the calculator used by the - travel agency of my institute, being a public institution). The - IPCC in its 1999 report have defined the radiative forcing index - to be between 2 and 4. Why ICAO is using 1? This shows the urgent - need to agree on a - common methodology accepted by all parties in computing - flight emission. May this tool help to raise + for computing the flight emissions. May this tool help to raise awareness on this issue. - title: Additional resources @@ -757,19 +735,19 @@ estimate: description: Any input is appreciated. Everyone's a critic. use_train_below_km: label: Use train below - description: We will use the train carbon dioxide equivalent emission factor below this distance (one leg of the round trip). + description: We will use the train carbon dioxide equivalent emission factor below this great circle distance (one leg of the round trip). values: - label: Do not consider train value: 0 - label: 100 km (~ 1h by train) value: 100 - - label: 300 km (~ 3h by train) + - label: 300 km (~ 5h by train) value: 300 - - label: 500 km (~ 5h by train) + - label: 500 km (~ 8h by train) value: 500 - - label: 700 km (~ 7h by train) + - label: 700 km (~ 10h by train) value: 700 - - label: 1000 km (~ 10h by train) + - label: 1000 km (~ 13h by train) value: 1000 origin_addresses: -- libgit2 0.21.2