Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE). The outermost container or envelope for SPASE metadata. This indicates the start of the SPASE metadata. A tabular listing of events or observational notes, especially those that have utility in aiding a user in locating data. Catalogs include lists of events, files in a product, and data availability. A Catalog resource is a type of ""data product"" which is a set of data that is uniformly processed and formatted, from one or more instruments, typically spanning the full duration of the observations of the relevant instrument(s). A data product may consist of a collection of granules of successive time spans, but may be a single high-level entity. Attributes of a resource which pertain to the provider of the resource and descriptive information about the resource. A history of changes that improve or upgrade. A specific change that improves or upgrades. Information related to the issuing of a book, journal, piece of music, or other work. The source of financial support (funding) for the resource. The person or organization who may be able to provide special assistance or serve as a channel for communication for additional information about a resource. Attributes of the method of acquiring additional information. Attributes of a relationship a resource has with another resource. Attributes of the resource which pertain to how to accessing the resource, availability and storage format. Attributes of the method for accessing a resource including a URL, name and description. The area of storage in a file system required to store the contents of a resource. The default units for data extent is bytes. The duration of an interval in time. A container of information regarding a parameter whose values are part of the product. Every product contains or can be related to one or more parameters. The specification of the orientation of a set of (typically) orthogonal base axes. Attributes to aid in the rendering of parameter. The organization and relationship of individual values within a quantity. A component or individual unit of a multiple value quantity such as an array or vector. The space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic attributes can exert force on another similar body that is not in direct contact. The range of possible values for the observed frequency. A grouping of observations according to a band or window of a common attribute. A description of the types of particles observed in the measurement. This includes both direct observations and inferred observations. The minimum and maximum energy values of the particles represented by a given ""physical parameter"" description. The range of possible azimuthal angles for a group of energy observations. Default units are degrees. The range of possible polar angles for a group of energy observations. Defaults units are degrees. The range of possible mass for a group of particle observations. The range of possible pitch angles for a group of particle observations. Periodic or quasi-periodic (AC) variations of physical quantities in time and space, capable of propagating or being trapped within particular regimes. The range of possible values for the observed wavelength. A parameter derived from more than one of the type of parameter. For example, plasma beta, the ratio of plasma particle energy density to the energy density of the magnetic field permeating the plasma, is ""mixed."" Information useful in understanding the context of an observation, typically observed or measured coincidentally with a physical observation. A graphical representation of data wherein the underlying numeric values are not (readily) accessible for analysis.. Examples are line plots and spectrograms. A Display Data resource is a type of ""data product"" which is a set of data that is uniformly processed and formatted, from one or more instruments, typically spanning the full duration of the observations of the relevant instrument(s). A data product may consist of a collection of granules of successive time spans, but may be a single high-level entity. A characterization of the time over which the measurement was taken. Data stored as numerical values in one or more specified formats. A Numerical Data resource is a type of ""data product"" which is a set of data that is uniformly processed and formatted, from one or more instruments, typically spanning the full duration of the observations of the relevant instrument(s). A data product may consist of Parameters stored in a collection of granules of successive time spans or a single data granule. A set of information designed and presented as an individual entity. A document may contain plain or formatted text, in-line graphics, sound, other multimedia data, or hypermedia references. A Document resource is intended for use on digital objects that have no other identifier (e.g., DOI or ISBN). An application which can be installed, built or readily used. A compulsory or necessary condition. A piece of software that installs a program or package on a system. A container of attributes regarding an input property of an application. A container of attributes regarding an output property of an application. An accessible portion of another resource. A Granule may be composed of one or more physical pieces (files) which are considered inseparable. For example, a data storage format that maintains metadata and binary data in separate, but tightly coupled files. Granules should not be used to group files that have simple relationships or which are associated through a parent resource. For example, each file containing a time interval data for a Numerical Data resource would each be considered a Granule. The ParentID of a Granule resource must be a NumericalData resource. The attributes of a Granule supersede the corresponding attributes in the NumericalData resource. The location and attributes of an object. A computed value that is dependent upon the contents of a digital data object. Primarily used to check whether errors or alterations have occurred during the transmission or storage of a data object. A device that makes measurements used to characterize a physical phenomenon, or a family of like devices. The interval in time from the first point at which an instrument or spacecraft was producing and sending data until the last such time, ignoring possible gaps. The host (spacecraft, network, facility) for instruments making observations, or a family of closely related hosts. A position in space definable by a regional referencing system and geographic coordinates. An individual human being. A location or facility where resources are cataloged. A location or facility where resources are stored. A location or facility that can perform a well defined task. Information which is explanatory or descriptive which is associated with another resource. The spatial area encompassed by an observation. A container of other metadata which is not part of the SPASE data model. The contents of this element are defined by individual usage. The organization and content are constrained by the implementation. For example, in an XML representation of the SPASE metadata the content must conform to the XML specifications. The individual, group or organization which should be acknowledged when the data is used in or contributes to a presentation or publication. Directions for finding some location; written on letters or packages that are to be delivered to that location. The name of an organization that provides a service or funding for specific projects. An alternative or shortened name used to refer to a resource. This includes acronyms, expanded names or a synonym for a resource. The resource identifier for a resource with which this resource is closely associated. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. A list of individuals or organizations who prepared a work for publication. Separate multiple names with "";"". When an author is a persons use ""last,first[ middle]"" format. Including a middle name is optional. The identifying information assigned to the financial support (funding) of a project. A short character string (approximately 10 characters, but preferably 6 characters - more only if absolutely required for clarity) which can be used to label a y-axis for a plot or to provide a heading for a data listing. A common or provider assigned name for a range of values. The nominal or most common time interval between the start of successive measurements. The largest time interval between the start of successive measurements. The smallest time interval between the start of successive measurements. Information which may be important in the avoidance of the misuse of the resource, for instance instrument maladies, corruption or contamination. A formal language, which comprises a set of instructions that produce various kinds of output. An application processor that is part of a CPU. A narrative explanation with detail appropriate for the item it describes. For example a description of data resource should include discussions of the main quantities in the resource, possible uses and search terms. A description should also include whether any corrections (i.e, geometry, inertial) have been applied to the resource. The time interval between the successive display elements. A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (the International DOI Foundation) to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. The distance in meters above (positive) or below (negative) the ""zero elevation"" defined by the World Geodetic System reference frame (WGS84). The electronic address at which the individual may be contacted expressed in the form ""local-part@domain"". The date and time when a resource is no longer available. If the Expiration Date is specified then it indicates that resource should not be made available after that time. However, this is only advisory and in practice a resource description should be unpublished to eliminate access to a resource. The time interval over which an individual measurement is taken. The largest interval over which an individual measurement is taken. The smallest time interval over which an individual measurement is taken. The symbols and numerals required to send a facsimile (FAX) to an individual by telephone. The string may contain punctuation marks such as dash (-) or dot (.) to separate fields within the string. A value that indicates that a quantity is undefined. The value calculated by a hash function, e.g. the message digest of a digital data object. The largest value within a range of possible values. A URL to graphic, image or movie. The location of an item in an array or vector. An index can be multivalued to represent the location in a multidimensional object. The index of the first item is ""1"". A value of ""0"" is a wild card for all elements at the location in an array. A value of ""-1"" is a reference to the dimension at the location in the array. A ""-1"" is used when describing the attributes of the dimension, where as ""0"" or a positive integer is used to describe attributes of individual elements. The resource identifier for a resource which was used to generate this resource. The identifier of an Instrument resource which the referring resource is a member of. The identifier of an Instrument resource. The name given to the contract or engagement which enabled the data to be produced. Each investigation is associated with a Principal Investigator or Guest Investigator who was responsible for the original proposal. For single PI missions each major subsystem having its own identified Team Leader may also be classed as an ""Investigation"" for the purposes of data archiving. A word or phrase that is relevant to the resource but does not exist in other documentary information. The two character indicator of language selected from the ISO 639-1 codes for the representation of names of languages. The angular distance north (positive) or south (negative) from the equator, measured along the meridian passing through the point. The angular distance measured west (positive) or east (negative) from a north-south line called the Prime Meridian. The smallest value within a range of possible values. The component of your computer that allows you to store and access data on a short-term basis, typically the amount of RAM. Indicate units with standard byte scales such as KB, MB, GB, TB and PB. Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) type and sub-type which characterizes the format of a file. MIME media types are define in RFC memorandum RFC 2046. Current MIME types are maintained by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) at http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/index.html. Commonly used MIME types are: application/vnd.ms-powerpoint (ppt, pptx), application/vnd.ms-excel (xls, xlsx), text/richtext (rtx), application/postscript (eps, ps), application/pdf (pdf), application/xml-dtd (dtd), text/html (htm, html), text/xml (xsl, xml, xsd), application/x-dvi (dvi). If a document is compressed the specified MIME type should be for the uncompressed document. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to an alternate location of a resource. A language unit by which a person or thing is known. Information which is useful or important for the understanding of a value or parameter. The identifier of an Observatory resource which the referring resource is a member of. The identifier of an Observatory resource. The software that supports a computer's basic functions, such as scheduling tasks, executing applications, and controlling peripherals. A Open Researcher Contributor (ORC) identifier which is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by a registration agency (https://orcid.org/) to identify an individual. It has the format xxxx-xxxx-xxxx-xxxx A unit within a company or other entity (e.g., Government agency or branch of service) within which many projects are managed as a whole. The name or identifier which can be used to access the parameter in the resource. The associated value is dependent on the service used to access the resource. For columnar ASCII data, use ""Column_X"" for a single-element parameter and ""Column_X-Column_Y"" for a multi-element parameter, where X and Y are the relevant column index. The first column index is 1. The resource identifier for a resource that a resource is a part of. The resource inherits the attributes of the referenced resource. Attributes defined in the resource override attributes of the parent in the manner prescribed by the containing resource. The time interval over which a characterization applies. For example, the number of bytes generated each day. The identifier assigned to a Person description. The words used to address an individual. The symbols and numerals required to contact an individual by telephone. The string may contain punctuation marks such as dash (-) or dot (.) to separate fields within the string. A thing that is required to be installed on your computer in order to run or compile the software. The resource identifier for a resource that is superseded or replaced by a resource. A string of characters used to uniquely identify a particular product within a Repository. The style or format of the identifier is determined by the Repository. The kinds of resources which can be acessed include, but are not limited to, numerical data, display data, documents and event lists. The method to access the product is determined by the attributes of an access service. The name of an organized activity with a stated goal or objective. The source, or original provider, of the data (for example, PDS PPI) The provider specific classification of the processing performed on the product. A short textual description of a resource used by the provider which may be used to identify a resource. Describes the release or edition of the product used by the provider. The formation rule may vary between providers. It is intended to aid in queries to the provider regarding the product. The date that the work was first published. The name or the company, organization or individual that published the work. A value that describes a characteristic of a system. An indication of the nominal end date relative to the present. The date and time when a resource is made available. The availability of a resource coincides with the release of a resource description. If the Release Date is specified as a future date then it indicates that resource should not be made available until that time. However, this is only advisory and in practice the Release Date should be the actual date the resource description was published. The identifier of an Repository resource. A Resource ID is a URI that has the form ""scheme://authority/path"" where ""scheme"" is ""spase"" for those resources administered through the SPASE framework, ""authority"" is the unique identifier for the resource provider registered within the SPASE framework and ""path"" is the unique identifier of the resource within the context of the ""authority"". The resource ID must be unique within the SPASE framework. A short textual description of a resource which may be useful when read by a person. The assigned Research Organization Registry (ROR) identifier. See https://ror.org/ The maximum value that the variable is expected to attain. Used, for example, by automated plotting software. The minimum value that the variable is expected to attain. Used, for example, by automated plotting software. A collection of items for a particular purpose. The number of elements in each dimension of a multi-dimensional array. A scalar has a size of 1. A multi-dimensional vector will have a size for each dimension. Note that the number of elements in the size of an N-dimensional array conveys the array's dimensionality while the product of those numbers conveys the total number of elements in the array. When size is used to describe a tensor it is the number of elements in the tensor. As such it has a limited set of values. A tensor of rank 1 has a size of 3, rank 2 a size of 9, rank 3 a size of 27 and rank n a size of 3^n. Describes the edition of the software release. The formation rule for the version may vary between software packages. It is intended to aid in queries to the software provider regarding the software. The specification of a starting point in time. The initial position in space. The specification of a stopping point in time. The final position in space. The component of your computer that allows you to store and access data on a long-term basis. Indicate units with standard byte scales such as KB, MB, GB, TB and PB. The nature of a physical parameter expressed using the IVOA UCD1+ controlled vocabulary. A description of the standardized measurement increments in which a value is specified. The description is represented as a mathematical phrase. Units should be represented by widely accepted representation. For example, units should conform to the International System of Units (SI) which is maintained by BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (see <http://www.bipm.fr/> ) when appropriate or use tokens like ""Re"" to represent units of the Radius of the Earth. Within a phrase the circumflex (^) is used to indicate a power, a star (*) is used to indicate multiplication and a slash (/) division. When symbols are not separated by a mathematical operator, multiplication is assumed. Symbols for base units can be found at: <http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/#symbols> and those for common derived units can be found at: <http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/derived_units/2-2-2.html> The multiplicative factor for converting a unit into International System of Units (SI) units. The factor is expressed in the form ""number > x"", where ""number"" is a numerical value and ""x"" is the appropriate SI units. The basic SI units are Enumerated: m (meter), N (newton), kg (kilogram), Pa (pascal), s (second), Hz (hertz), A (ampere), V (volt), K (kelvin), W (watt), rad (radian), J (joule), sr (steradian), C (coulomb), T (tesla), ohm (ohm), mho (mho or seimens), H (henry), and F (farad). Two useful units which are not SI units are: degree (angle), and unitless (no units). An example is: ""1.0E-9>T"" which converts the units, presumable nT, to Tesla. Another example is: ""1.0e+3>m/s"" which converts a velocity expressed in kilometers per second to meters per second. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. The first part of the address indicates what protocol to use, and the second part specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located followed by the pathname of the resource. A URL is specified in the form protocol://server.domain.name:port/pathname. Example protocols are HTTP or FTP, server domain name is the Internet name. The largest legitimate value. The smallest legitimate value. A string defining the output format used when extracting data values out to a file or screen. The magnitude and the number of significant figures needed should be carefully considered. The output format string can be in either Fortran or C syntax. Version number. Identifiers for permissions granted or denied by the host of a product to allow other users to access and use the resource. Access is granted to everyone. Some portions of the resource have restricted access, the rest is open access. Typically this is for accumulating data collections where some data is under review before being publicly released. Access to the product is regulated and requires some form of identification. Identifiers for properties of a physical system related to periodic phenomena that remains constant under slowly varying conditions. A constant of motion related to the gyromotion of a particle in a magnetic field that is either static or slowly varying with respect to the gyroperiod. The magnetic moment is usually denoted by using the lower case Greek letter for mu, 5, and can be calculated by using 5 = m u^2/2B where m is the particle mass, u is the velocity of the particle perpendicular to the constant or average magnetic field direction, and B is the magnitude of the magnetic field strength. The second adiabatic invariant is associated with periodic bounce motion of charged particles trapped between two magnetic mirrors on a magnetic field line. The second invariant, termed J, is defined by using the integral J = m &int; v|| * ds where m is the mass of the charged particle, v|| is the particle velocity along the field line, and ds represents elemental arc lengths along the field line. The second adiabatic invariant is conserved as long as changes in the background magnetic field occur at time scales much longer than the bounce time of the charged particles. The third invariant for charged particle motion in a dipolar magnetic field is associated with drift of its guiding center in the equatorial plane. The conserved quantity, J₂, is equal to q&Phi; where q is the particle charge and &Phi; is the magnetic flux enclosed within the particle drift path. Identifiers for an classification of an annotation. An interval where measurements or observations may be adversely affected. An action or observation which occurs at a point in time. A prominent or distinctive characteristic that occurs at a location or persists over a period of time. Identifiers for the type of interface for the application. A command-line interface (CLI) is a form of interface where input to an application is provided as lines of text typically within a shell. A graphical user interface (GUI) is a form of user interface that allows users to interact with an application through graphical icons, forms and other elements with both a keyboard and a pointing device. An application programming interface (API) is a form of interface that allows applications to access the features or data of an operating system, application, or other service. An API may have a required protocol or set of principles. Some examples of protocols are SOAP, XML-RPC and JSON-RPC. An example of an API with a set of principles is REST. Identifiers for resource associations. A descendant or caused by another resource. A transformed or altered version of a resource instance. Detected or originating from another resource. Not classified with more specific terms. The context of its usage may be described in related text. A portion of a larger resource. A modified version of a resource instance. Identifiers for indicating the method or service which may be used to access the resource. Not directly accessible electronically. This includes resources which may to be moved to an on-line status in response to a given request. Directly accessible electronically. Identifiers for the technique used to determine the characteristics of an object. Determined by the analysis or assessment performed by a program or server. Determined by the analysis of other information or resources. Determined by the analysis or assessment performed by a person. Identifiers for the axis of coordinate systems. Projection of a vector along the first named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the X axis, but could be the R axis for an RTN coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the second named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the Y axis, but could be the T axis for an RTN coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the third named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the Z axis, but could be the N axis for an RTN coordinate system. Identifiers for the classification of the certainty of an assertion. Likely given the available evidence. Considered in the range of 4-7 on a scale of 0-10. Highly likely given the available evidence. Considered in the range of 7-10 on a scale of 0-10. Not likely given the available evidence. Considered in the range of 0 on a scale of 0-10. Slightly likely given the available evidence. Considered in the range of 1-4 on a scale of 0-10. Identifiers of the method or form for specifying a given point or vector in a given coordinate system. A representation in which a position vector or a measured vector (e.g., field or flow) is specified by its components along the base axes of the coordinate system. A coordinate representation of a position vector or measured vector (field or flow) by its k-component, the magnitude of its projection into the i-j plane, and the azimuthal angle of the i-j plane projection. A coordinate representation of a position vector or of a measured vector by its magnitude and two direction angles. The angles are relative to the base axes of the coordinate system used. Typically the angles are phi [azimuth angle, =arctan (j/i)] and theta, where theta may be a polar angle, arctan {[SQRT(i^2+j^2)]/k}, or an elevation angle, arctan [k/SQRT (i^2+j^2)]. Identifiers of the origin and orientation of a set of typically orthogonal axes. A coordinate system which is centered at the Sun and is ""fixed"" with respect to the synodic rotation rate; the mean synodic value is about 27.2753 days. The Astronomical Almanac gives a value for Carrington longitude of 349.03 degrees at 0000 UT on 1 January 1995. Corrected Geomagnetic - A coordinate system from a spatial point with GEO radial distance and geomagnetic latitude and longitude, follow the epoch-appropriate IGRF/DGRF model field vector through to the point where the field line crosses the geomagnetic dipole equatorial plane. Then trace the dipole magnetic field vector Earthward from that point on the equatorial plane, in the same hemisphere as the original point, until the initial radial distance is reached. Designate the dipole latitude and longitude at that point as the CGM latitude and longitude of the original point. See <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/cgm/cgmm_des.html> Corrected Solar Orbital - A coordinate system related to Earth where X is anti-sunward, Y along the orbital velocity direction. Dipole Meridian - A coordinate system centered at the observation point. Z axis is parallel to the Earth's dipole axis, positive northward. X is in the plane defined by Z and the line linking the observation point with the Earth's center. Y is positive eastward. See <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Eccentric Dipole (ECD) coordinate system that aligns with a dipole whose origin and orientation may be different from the physical center and spin axis of the containing body. The IGRF-12 coefficients for 2015 are used to determine the origin for the earth. The 2015 positions are North dip pole: latitude: 86.29, longitude -160.06. South dip pole latitide: -64.28, longitude: 136.59, North geometric pole latitude: 80.37, longitude: -72.63, South geomagnetic pole latitude: -80.37, longitude: 107.37ECD is defined in doi:10.1186/s40623-015-0228-9. The Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system has point (0,0,0) defined as the center of mass of the Earth. Its axes are aligned with the International Reference Pole (IRP) and International Reference Meridian (IRM). The x-axis intersects the sphere of the Earth at 0 degree latitude (Equator) and 0 degree longitude (Greenwich). The z-axis points north. The y-axis completes the right handed coordinate system. ENP (also called PEN) - The P vector component points northward, perpendicular to orbit plane which for a zero degree inclination orbit is parallel to Earth's spin axis. The E vector component is perpendicular to P and N and points earthward. The N component is perpendicular to P and E and is positive eastward. GEI Geocentric Equatorial Inertial - A coordinate system where the Z axis is along Earth's spin vector, positive northward. X axis points towards the first point of Aries (from the Earth towards the Sun at the vernal equinox). See Russell, 1971. When the X axis is the direction of the mean vernal equinox of J2000, the coordinate system is also called GCI. Then the Z axis is also defined as being normal to the mean Earth equator of J2000. Geographic - geocentric corotating - A coordinate system where the Z axis is along Earth's spin vector, positive northward. X axis lies in Greenwich meridian, positive towards Greenwich. See Russell, 1971. Kronian Solar Orbital - A coordinate system related to Saturn where X is anti-sunward, Y along the orbital velocity direction. Geocentric Solar Ecliptic - A coordinate system where the X axis is from Earth to Sun. Z axis is normal to the ecliptic, positive northward. See Russell, 1971. Geocentric Solar Equatorial - A coordinate system where the X axis is from Earth to Sun. Y axis is parallel to solar equatorial plane. Z axis is positive northward. See Russell, 1971 Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric - A coordinate system where the X axis is from Earth to Sun, Z axis is northward in a plane containing the X axis and the geomagnetic dipole axis. See Russell, 1971 Heliocentric Aries Ecliptic - A coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the ecliptic plane, positive northward. X axis is positive towards the first point of Aries (from Earth to Sun at vernal equinox). Same as SE below. See Hapgood, 1992. Heliocentric Cartesian - A 3-D orthonormal coordinate system that is primarily intended to specify with two dimensions a point on the solar disk. The Z axis points toward the observer. The Y axis lies in the plane defined by the solar spin vector and the Z axis, positive northward. The X axis is perpendicular to the Y and Z axes, positive toward solar west. Standard representation for this system is via the point's x and y values, expressed either as physical distances or as fractions of the solar disk radius. Heliographic Carrington Inertial. Heliocentric Radial - A 3-D orthonormal coordinate system that is primarily intended to specify with two dimensions a point on the solar disk. The Z axis points toward the observer. The Y axis lies in the plane defined by the solar spin vector and the Z axis, positive northward. The X axis is perpendicular to the Y and Z axes, positive toward solar west. Standard representation for this system is via the point's distance rho from the Z axis [Rho = SQRT(x**2 + y**2)] and its phase angle psi measured counterclockwise from the +Y axis [psi = arctan (-y/x)] Heliocentric Earth Ecliptic - A coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the ecliptic plane, positive northward. X axis points from Sun to Earth. See Hapgood, 1992 Heliocentric Earth Equatorial - A coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the solar equatorial plane, positive northward. X axis is generally Earthward in the plane defined by the Z axis and the Sun-Earth direction. See Hapgood, 1992. Helio-Eclipitic Radial Tangential Normal coordinate system. Typically centered at a spacecraft. The X axis (radial) is set as the primary axis, and is defined as the axis pointing from the spacecraft to the Sun. The Z axis (tangential) is set as the secondary axis, and is defined as that portion of the ecliptic rotational axis which is perpendicular to the primary axis. The Y axis (Normal) is defined as Z cross X. Heliographic - A heliocentric rotating coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the solar equatorial plane, positive northward. X, Y axes rotate with a 25.38 day period. The zero longitude (X axis) is defined as the longitude that passed through the ascending node of the solar equator on the ecliptic plane on 1 January, 1854 at 12 UT. See <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/helios/coor_des.html> Heliographic Inertial - A heliocentric coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the solar equatorial plane, positive northward. X axis is along the intersection line between solar equatorial and ecliptic planes. The X axis was positive at SE longitude of 74.367 deg on Jan 1, 1900. (See SE below.) See <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/helios/coor_des.html> Heliocentric Radial Tangential Normal coordinate system (aka RTN). Typically centered at a spacecraft. Used for IMF and plasma V vectors. The X axis (radial) is set as the primary axis, and is defined as the axis pointing from the spacecraft to the Sun. The Z axis (tangential) is set as the secondary axis, and is defined as that portion of the solar North rotational axis which is perpendicular to the primary axis. The Y axis (normal) is defined as Z cross X. Helioprojective Cartesian = A 3-D orthonormal (left-handed) coordinate system that is primarily intended to specify with two dimensions a point on the solar disk. The Z axis points from the observer to the center of the solar disk. The Y axis lies in the plane defined by the solar spin vector and the Z axis, positive northward. The X axis is perpendicular to the Y and Z axes, positive toward solar west. Given as the distance between the observer and the center of the solar disk, the standard representation of an (x,y) point on the solar disk is via the point's longitude angle [arctan (x/d)] and latitude angle [arctan y/d]. Helioprojective Radial - A 3-D orthonormal (left-handed) coordinate system that is primarily intended to specify with two dimensions a point on the solar disk. The Z axis points from the observer to the center of the solar disk. The Y axis lies in the plane defined by the solar spin vector and the Z axis, positive northward. The X axis is perpendicular to the Y and Z axes, positive toward solar west. Given as the distance between the observer and the center of the solar disk, the standard representation for this system of an (x,y) point on the solar disk is via the point's latitude angle theta {= arctan [SQRT(x**2 + y**2)]/d]} or equivalent declination parameter delta (= theta - 90 deg), and its phase angle psi as measured counter- clockwise from the +Y axis [psi = arctan (-y/x)]. Heliospheric Solar Magnetospheric - A coordinate system where the X axis is from Earth to Sun, Z axis is northward in a plane containing the X axis and the geomagnetic dipole axis. An astronomical coordinate system which uses the mean equator and equinox of Julian date 2451545.0 TT (Terrestrial Time), or January 1, 2000, noon TT. (aka J2000) to define a celestial reference frame. Jovian Solar Magnetospheric - A coordinate system related to Jupiter where the X axis is from Jupiter to Sun, Z axis is northward in a plane containing the X axis and the Jovian dipole axis. Jovian Solar Orbital - A coordinate system related to Jupiter where X anti-sunward, Y along the orbital velocity direction. Kronian Solar Magnetospheric - A coordinate system related to Saturn where the X axis is anti-sunward, Z axis is northward in a plane containing the X axis and the Kronian dipole axis. Kronian Solar Orbital - A coordinate system related to Saturn where X is anti-sunward, Y along the orbital velocity direction. Local Geomagnetic - A coordinate system used mainly for Earth surface or near Earth surface magnetic field data. X axis northward from observation point in a geographic meridian. Z axis downward towards Earth's center. In this system, H (total horizontal component) = SQRT (Bx^2 + By^2) and D (declination angle) = arctan (By/Bx) Geomagnetic - geocentric. Z axis is parallel to the geomagnetic dipole axis, positive north. X is in the plane defined by the Z axis and the Earth's rotation axis. If N is a unit vector from the Earth's center to the north geographic pole, the signs of the X and Y axes are given by Y = N x Z, X = Y x Z.. See Russell, 1971, and <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Magnetic Field Aligned - A coordinate system spacecraft-centered system with Z in the direction of the ambient magnetic field vector. X is in the plane defined by Z and the spacecraft-Sun line, positive sunward. See <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Mars/Mercury Solar Orbital A coordinate system related to Mars or Mercury. A coordinate system where, depending on the body (Mars or Mercury), X is anti-sunward, Y along the orbital velocity direction. Radial Tangential Normal. Typically centered at a spacecraft. Used for IMF and plasma V vectors. The X axis (radial) is set as the primary axis, and is defined as the axis pointing from the spacecraft to the Sun. The Z axis (tangential) is set as the secondary axis, and is defined as that portion of the solar North rotational axis which is perpendicular to the primary axis. The Y axis (normal) is defined as Z cross X. Spacecraft - A coordinate system defined by the spacecraft geometry and/or spin. Often has Z axis parallel to spacecraft spin vector. X and Y axes may or may not corotate with the spacecraft. See SR and SR2 below. Solar Ecliptic - A heliocentric coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the ecliptic plane, positive northward. X axis is positive towards the first point of Aries (from Earth to Sun at vernal equinox). Same as HAE above. See <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/helios/coor_des.html> Solar Magnetic - A geocentric coordinate system where the Z axis is northward along Earth's dipole axis, X axis is in plane of z axis and Earth-Sun line, positive sunward. See Russell, 1971. A coordinate system where X lies in the plane normal to and in the direction of motion of the spacecraft, Z is normal to this plane and Y completes the triad in a right-handed coordinate system. Spin Reference - A special case of a Spacecraft (SC) coordinate system for a spinning spacecraft. Z is parallel to the spacecraft spin vector. X and Y rotate with the spacecraft. See <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Spin Reference 2 - A special case of a Spacecraft (SC) coordinate system for a spinning spacecraft. Z is parallel to the spacecraft spin vector. X is in the plane defined by Z and the spacecraft-Sun line, positive sunward. See <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Spacecraft Solar Ecliptic - A coordinate system used for deep space spacecraft, for example Helios. - X axis from spacecraft to Sun. Z axis normal to ecliptic plane, positive northward. Note: Angle between normals to ecliptic and to Helios orbit plane ~ 0.25 deg. Selenocentric Solar Ecliptic. The X axis points from the center of the Earth's moon to the sun, the Z axis is normal to the ecliptic plane, positive northward. And the Y axis completes the right-handed set of axes. Kronian Solar Orbital - A coordinate system related to Saturn where X is anti-sunward, Y along the orbital velocity direction. Venus Solar Orbital - A coordinate system related to Venus where X is anti-sunward, Y along the orbital velocity direction. The World Geodetic System (WGS) defines a reference frame for the earth, for use in geodesy and navigation. The WGS84 uses the zero meridian as defined by the Bureau International de l'Heure. Identifiers for the angle between a vector and a base axis. The angle between the projection into the i-j plane of a position or measured vector and the i-axis of the coordinate system. Mathematically defined as arctan(j/i). This term could be also applied to angles measured in different planes, for example the IMF clock angle defined as arctan(|By|/Bz). The angle between the position or measured vector and the i-j plane of the coordinate system. Mathematically defined as arctan(k/SQRT(i^2+j^2)). The angle between the position or measured vector and the k-axis of the coordinate system. Mathematically defined as arctan([SQRT(i^2+j^2)]/k). This term could be also applied to angles between the vector and other components, for example the IMF cone angle defined as arccos(Bx/Bt). Identifiers for the cosine of the angle between two vectors in a three dimensional Euclidean space. Projection of a vector along the first named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the X axis, but could be the R axis for an RTN coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the second named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the Y axis, but could be the T axis for an RTN coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the third named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the Z axis, but could be the N axis for an RTN coordinate system. Identifiers for types or classes of rendered data. A two-dimensional representation of data with values at each element of the array related to an intensity or a color. The characterization of signal strengths in active sounding measurements as a function of virtual range or signal delay time and sounding frequency. A Plasmagram is also referred to as an Ionogram. The characterization of signal strengths as a function of frequency (or energy) and time. A representation of data showing multiple sets of observations on a single plot, possibly offsetting each plot by some uniform amount. A representation of data showing a set of observations taken at different points in time and charted as a time series. Spatial or temporal variations of wave amplitude over wave-period timescales. Identifiers for the characterization of the content or purpose of a document. A set of agreed, stipulated, or generally accepted approaches or methods of adopting a standard or implementing a approach. Not classified with more specific terms. The context of its usage may be described in related text. A deliberate system of principles to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent, and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. A set of information arranged on a single page or sheet, typically in a large format. A set of information that is used when communicating to an audience. A document which describes the findings of some individual or group. A detailed description of the requirements and other aspects of an object or component that may be used to develop an implementation. A document summarizing the performance and other technical characteristics of a product, machine, component, subsystem or software in sufficient detail to be used by an engineer or researcher. An authoritative report giving information or proposals on an issue. Identifiers for the regions surrounding the Earth. The region between the bow shock and the magnetopause, characterized by very turbulent plasma. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The only natural satellite of the Earth. The gaseous and possibly ionized environment of a body extending from the surface to some specified altitude. For the Earth, this altitude is 2000 km. The neutral gases surrounding a body that extends from the surface and is bound to the body by virtue of the gravitational attraction. The region in the atmospheric where electrically-charged particles bombarding the upper atmosphere of a planet in the presence of a magnetic field produce an optical phenomenon. A region centered on the equator and limited in latitude by approximately 23 degrees north and south of the equator. The charged or ionized gases surrounding a body that are nominally bound to the body by virtue of the gravitational attraction. The layer of the ionosphere that exists approximately 50 to 95 km above the surface of the Earth. One of several layers in the ionosphere. A layer of ionised gas occurring at 90-150km above the ground. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also called the The Kennelly-Heaviside layer. A layer that contains ionized gases at a height of around 150-800 km above sea level, placing it in the thermosphere. the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also known as the Appleton layer. The region at the upper most areas of the ionosphere. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the Stratosphere to a range of 80 km to 85 km, temperature decreasing with height. When considering the case of the Earth, the mid-latitude region typically refers to two latitudinal bands, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern hemisphere extending from about 23 degrees to 50 degrees. The concept of mid-latitude regions does not apply to all bodies in the solar system and different latitudinal ranges would apply for each body case by case. The mid-latitude regions may be defined by using either planetographic or magnetic coordinates if the magnetic dipole is closely aligned with the spin axis of a magnetized body. Ground magnetometers located at mid latitude on the Earth are well positioned to measure magnetic storm-time ring current variations. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The areas of the globe surrounding the poles and consisting of the region north of 60 degrees north latitude an the region south of 60 degrees south latitude. The region where the Earth's inner van Allen radiation belt makes its closest approach to the planet's surface. The result is that, for a given altitude, the radiation intensity is higher over this region than elsewhere. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the troposphere to about 30 km, temperature increases with height. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer. When considering the case of the Earth, the sub-auroral region typically refers to two latitudinal bands, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern hemisphere extending from about 50 degrees to low 60 degrees. The concept sub-auroral regions does not apply to all bodies in the solar system and different latitudinal ranges would apply for each body case by case. The sub-auroral regions may be defined by using either planetographic or magnetic coordinates if the magnetic dipole is closely aligned with the spin axis of a magnetized body. Ground magnetometers located at sub-auroral latitudes on the Earth measure a mixture of activity driven by auroral zone currents and the ring current. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the Mesosphere to 640+ km, temperature increasing with height. The lowest layer of the atmosphere which begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km (4.4 mi) at the poles and 17 km (10.6 mi) at the equator, with some variation due to weather factors. The outermost area of a solid object. Identifiers for unambiguous rules that establishes the representation of information within a file. A sequence of characters that adheres to American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) which is an 7-bit character-coding scheme. A data encoding scheme whereby binary-encoded data is converted to printable ASCII characters. It is defined as a MIME content transfer encoding for use in Internet e-mail. The only characters used are the upper- and lower-case Roman alphabet characters (A-Z, a-z), the numerals (0-9), and the ""+"" and ""/"" symbols, with the ""="" symbol as a special suffix (padding) code. An open standard algorithm by Julian Seward using Burrows-Wheeler block sorting and Huffman coding. See <http://www.bzip.org/> An open standard algorithm distributed by GHU based on LZ77 and Huffman coding. See <http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/gzip.html> or <http://www.gzip.org/> A lack or absence of anything. A container of objects that comply with the Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) specifications. A bucket has a unique, user-assigned key (name). A bucket can contain any number of objects with an aggregate size of 5 gigabytes. A bucket may be accompanied by up to 2 kilobytes of metadata. A file format used to collate collections of files into one larger file, for distribution or archiving, while preserving file system information such as user and group permissions, dates, and directory structures. The format was standardized by POSIX.1-1988 and later POSIX.1-2001. Text in multi-byte Unicode format. An open standard for compression which is a variation of the LZW method and was originally used in the PKZIP utility. Identifiers for the physical attribute of the field. The flow of electrons through a conductor caused by a potential difference. The physical attribute that exerts an electrical force. Electric and magnetic field variations in time and space that propagate through a medium or a vacuum with the wave's propagation, electric field, and magnetic field vectors forming an orthogonal triad. Waves in this category are detected by having their field quantities measured. The number of gyrations around a magnetic guiding center (field line) a charged particle makes per unit time due to the Lorentz force. The physical attribute attributed to a magnet or its equivalent. A number-density-dependent characteristic frequency of a plasma. The work required per unit charge to move a charge from a reference point to a point at infinity (electric potential is defined to be zero). The electric potential of a spacecraft is often referred to as the ""spacecraft potential"". The spacecraft potential is the electric potential of the spacecraft relative to the potential of the nearby plasma. The spacecraft potential is non-zero because the spacecraft charges to the level that the emitted photoelectron flux going to infinity is balanced by the plasma electron flux to the spacecraft. Electromagnetic energy flux transported by a wave characterized as the rate of energy transport per unit area per steradian. Identifiers for data organized according to preset specifications. Audio Video Interleave (AVI) a digital format for movies that conforms to the Microsoft Windows Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF). A direct representation of the bits which may be stored in memory on a computer. Common Data Format (CDF). A binary storage format developed at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Cluster Exchange Format (CEF) is a self-documenting ASCII format designed for the exchange of data. There are two versions of CEF which are not totally compatible. Cluster Exchange Format (CEF), version 1, is a self-documenting ASCII format designed for the exchange of data. The metadata contains information compatible with the ISTP recommendations for CDF. Cluster Exchange Format (CEF), version 2, is a self-documenting ASCII format designed for the exchange of data and introduced for Cluster Active Archive. Compared to version 1, the metadata description of vectors and tensors is different. Comma Separated Value - A data exchange format defined by RFC 4180. A Microsoft spreadsheet format used to hold a variety of data in tables which can include calculations. Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is a digital format primarily designed to store scientific data sets consisting of multi-dimensional arrays (1-D spectra, 2-D images or 3-D data cubes) and 2-dimensional tables containing rows and columns of data. Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) first introduced in 1987 by CompuServe. GIF uses LZW compression and images are limited to 256 colours. A permanent reproduction, or copy in the form of a physical object, of any media suitable for direct use by a person. An image recording medium on which usually a ""negative"" analog image is registered. A ""positive"" image can be recovered or reproduced from film, which is usually made of flexible materials for ease of storage and transportation. A sheet of microfilm on which many pages of material have been photographed; a magnification system is used to read the material. Film rolls on which materials are photographed at greatly reduced size; a magnification system is used to read the material. An image (positive or negative) registered on a piece of photo-sensitive paper A rigid (typically glass) medium that functions like film. Its rigidity is for guarding against image distortion due to medium deformation (caused by heat and humidity). Photographic plates are often used for astronomical photography. A sheet of any written or printed material which may include notes or graphics. Multiple printed pages may be bound into a manuscript or book. Hierarchical Data Format Hierarchical Data Format, Version 4 Hierarchical Data Format, Version 5 A text file containing structured information represented in the HyperText Mark-up Language (HTML). See <http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/> Instrument Data File Set (IDFS) is a set of files written in a prescribed format which contain data, timing data, and meta-data. IDFS was developed at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). Interactive Data Language (IDL) save set. IDL is a proprietary format. A binary format for still images defined by the Joint Photographic Experts Group Javascript Object Notation - A lightweight data-interchange format. MATLAB Workspace save set, version 4. MAT-files are double-precision, binary, MATLAB format files. MATLAB is a proprietary product of The MathWorks. MATLAB Workspace save set, version 6. MAT-files are double-precision, binary, MATLAB format files. MATLAB is a proprietary product of The MathWorks. MATLAB Workspace save set, version 7. MAT-files are double-precision, binary, MATLAB format files. Version 7 includes data compression and Unicode encoding. MATLAB is a proprietary product of The MathWorks. A digital format for movies defined by the Motion Picture Experts Group The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) format. A complete description of that standard is given in appendix C of the ""Report on Establishment & Operation of the Incoherent- Scatter Data Base"", dated August 23, 1984, obtainable from NCAR, P.O. Box 3000 Boulder, Colorado 80307-3000. Unidata Program Center's Network Common Data Form (NetCDF). A self-describing portable data format for array-oriented data access. See <http://my.unidata.ucar.edu/content/software/netcdf> A document expressed in the Portable Document Format (PDF) as defined by Adobe. The Planetary Data System, version 4 (PDS4) standard provides guidelines on how a data producer should construct a data set suitable for long-term archiving. The standard contains a number of requirements in terms of dataset structure and documentation that should allow for any PDS compliant data set to be used and understood in the long term. Each PDS4 bundle consists of two files, one containing the data and the other an eXtensible Markup Language (XML) file containing the label. PDS4 recognises four base data structures, array, table, parsable byte stream and encoded byte stream with arrays and tables most commonly in use. The PDS4 standard is described at: https://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/datastandards/documents/current-version.shtml. The PDS4 archiving standard has been required for data archives from NASA-funded planetary missions and for small data archives since 2011. The. Planetary Data System, version 3 (PDS3) standard provides guidelines on how a data producer should construct a data set suitable for long-term archiving. The standard contains a number of requirements in terms of dataset structure and documentation that should allow for any PDS compliant data set to be used and understood in the long term. Each PDS3 data product must be labelled in ASCII with full details on the structure and content of the product. The label can be attached to the data file itself or detached in a separate 'label' file with the suffix LBL. The PDS3 standard is described at: https://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/datastandards/pds3/standards/ Since 2011, PDS3 has superseded by the PDS4 archiving standard. However, many data files still exist that are stored by using the PDS3 standard. A digital format for still images. Portable Network Graphics (PNG) A page description programming language created by Adobe Systems Inc. that is a device-independent industry standard for representing text and graphics. A format for digital movies, as defined by Apple Computer. See <http://developer.apple.com/quicktime/> A sequence of characters which may have an imposed structure or organization. A sequence of characters that adheres to American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) which is an 7-bit character-coding scheme. Text in multi-byte Unicode format. A binary format for still pictures. Tagged Image Format File (TIFF). Originally developed by Aldus and now controlled by Adobe. Universal Data Format (UDF). The Optical Technology Storage Association's Universal Disk Format, based on ISO 13346. See <http://www.osta.org/specs/index.htm> A proposed IVOA standard designed as a flexible storage and exchange format for tabular data. eXtensible Mark-up Language (XML). A structured format for representing information. See <http://www.w3.org/XML/> Identifiers for permanent reproductions, or copy in the form of a physical object, of any media suitable for direct use by a person. An image recording medium on which usually a ""negative"" analog image is registered. A ""positive"" image can be recovered or reproduced from film, which is usually made of flexible materials for ease of storage and transportation. A sheet of microfilm on which many pages of material have been photographed; a magnification system is used to read the material. Film rolls on which materials are photographed at greatly reduced size; a magnification system is used to read the material. An image (positive or negative) registered on a piece of photo-sensitive paper A rigid (typically glass) medium that functions like film. Its rigidity is for guarding against image distortion due to medium deformation (caused by heat and humidity). Photographic plates are often used for astronomical photography. A sheet of any written or printed material which may include notes or graphics. Multiple printed pages may be bound into a manuscript or book. Identifiers for functions or algorithms that convert a digital data object into a hash value. Message Digest 5 (MD5) is a 128-bit message digest algorithm created in 1991 by Professor Ronald Rivest. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), a 160-bit message digest algorithm developed by the NSA and described in Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) publication 180-1. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), a 256-bit message digest algorithm developed by the NSA and described in Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) publication 180-1. Identifiers for regions of the solar atmosphere which extends roughly from the inner corona to the edge of the solar plasma at the heliopause separating primarily solar plasma from interstellar plasma. The region extending radially outward from the heliospheric termination shock and in which the decelerated solar wind plasma is still significant. The region of the heliosphere extending radially outward from the solar coronal base to just inside 1 AU. The heliospheric region near the Earth which extends to and includes the area near the L1 and L2 Lagrange point. The region of the heliosphere extending radially outward from just outside 1 AU to the heliospheric termination shock. A roughly toroidal region that includes the Earth's orbit, but exclusive of the region near the Earth. Identifiers for the type of experiment the instrument performs. This is the technique of observation. A sensor used to measure electric potential. An instrument that detects electrons, ions, and UV-radiation, according to the principle of a secondary emission multiplier. It is typically used in electron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. An instrument which can image things very close to the Sun by using a disk to block the Sun's bright surface which reveals the faint solar corona and other celestial objects. A dipole antenna of which the active (sensor) elements are small spheres located at the ends of two wires deployed in the equatorial plane, on opposite sides of a spinning spacecraft. An instrument which determines the mass and speed of ambient dust particles. An active experiment to measure the electron drift velocity based on sensing the displacement of a weak beam of electrons after one gyration in the ambient magnetic field. An instrument which uses charged plates to analyze the mass, charge and kinetic energies of charged particles which enter the instrument. An instrument that measures fluxes of charged particles as a function of time, direction of motion, mass, charge and/or species. A collection of components which are designed to make coordinated observations of a phenomenon or object. Projects and missions may refer to an 'experiment' by other names like 'suite'. An instrument consisting of an electrode from which electrical current is measured while a charged particle beam (electrons or ions) impinges on it. Used to determine energy spectrum and sometimes ion composition of the impinging particles. A search coil whose bandwidth and signal/noise ratio are increased by the application of negative feedback at the sensor (flux) level by driving a collocated coil with a signal from the preamplifier. An instrument that determines the spectra of a radiative source, using time-domain measurements and a Fourier transform. An instrument which measures density of ionizing radiation based on interactions with a gas. An instrument which samples the radiation from an area at one or more spectral ranges emitted or reflected by an object. An instrument which is a multispectral scanner with a very large number of channels (64-256 channels) with very narrow band widths. An instrument to study the properties of two or more waves from the pattern of interference created by their superposition. A device in which the collected electrical charge from ionization in a gas-filled cavity is taken to be the proportion to some parameter (e.g. dose or exposure) of radiation field A device which measures the current produced by the displacement of ambient ions on a grid, thereby allowing the determination of the ion trajectory and velocity. A device which measures low-pressure or vacuum neutral gas with pressures ranging from 10e-3 Torr to 10e?10 Torr. An ion gauge is an electronic amplifying vacuum tube consisting of three electrodes inside an evacuated glass envelope, with the filament being the cathode. A monopole antenna associated with an instrument. The instrument applies a potential to the antenna which is swept to determine the voltage/current characteristic. This provides information about the plasma surrounding the probe and spacecraft. A dipole antenna whose active (sensor) elements are two wires deployed in the equatorial plane on opposite sides of a spinning spacecraft, and whose length is several times greater than the spacecraft diameter. A special type of magnetometer that records a time plot of the local magnetic field near the instrument; or a telescope capable of determining the magnetic field strength and/or direction on a distant object such as the Sun, using the Zeeman splitting or other spectral signatures of magnetization. An instrument which measures the ambient magnetic field. An instrument which distinguishes chemical species in terms of their different isotopic masses. An instrument used for the detection of elementary particles, ions, ultraviolet rays and soft X-rays constructed from very thin conductive glass capillaries. An instrument which captures images at multiple spectral ranges. An instrument which measures the quantity and properties of neutral particles over a range of angles. Measured properties can include mass and energy. An instrument which measures the quantity and properties of neutral particles. Measured properties can include mass and plasma bulk densities. An instrument which correlates particle flux to help identify wave/particle interactions. An instrument which detects particle flux!!! An instrument which measures the strength of electromagnetic radiation within a spectral band which can range from ultraviolet to infrared and includes the visible spectrum. A vacuum phototube that is an extremely sensitive detector of light in the ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum. An instrument which measures the intensity and polarization or radiant energy. A photopolarimeter is a combination of a photometer and a polarimeter. A compulsory or necessary condition. An instrument which measures energy of ionization radiation based on interactions with a gas. An instrument used for the 3-D detection of plasma, energetic electrons and ions, and for positive-ion composition measurements. An instrument that uses directional properties of returned power to infer spatial and/or other characteristics of a remote object. An instrument for detecting or measuring radiant energy. Radiometers are commonly limited to infrared radiation. A combination of a radio receiver and a pulsed transmitter used to study the plasma surrounding a spacecraft by identifying resonances or cut-offs (of the wave dispersion relation), whose frequencies are related to the ambient plasma density and magnetic field. When the transmitter is off it is essentially a high frequency-resolution spectral power receiver. An instrument which measures ion temperatures and ion concentrations using a planar ion trap. An instrument which measure the signal strength in various directions of the galactic radio signals. Variations in these signals are influenced by solar flare activity and geomagnetic storm and substorm processes. An instrument which detects flouresences of a material which is excited by high energy (ionizing) electromagnetic or charged particle radiation. An instrument which measures the time variation of the magnetic flux threading a loop by measurement of the electric potential difference induced between the ends of the wire. A detector of the charge carriers (electrons and holes) generated in semiconductors by energy deposited by gamma ray photons. Also known as a ""semiconductor detector"". An instrument which measures the radiances from an object. A sounder may measure radiances at multiple spectral ranges. An instrument to control the electric potential of a spacecraft with respect to the ambient plasma by emitting a variable current of positive ions. A radio receiver which determines the power spectral density of the electric or magnetic field, or both, at one or more frequencies. An instrument that measures the component wavelengths of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) by splitting the light up into its component wavelengths. An instrument which measures the time it takes for a particle to travel between two detectors. A value which is not provided. A radio receiver which outputs the value of one or more components of the electric and/or magnetic field as a function of time. Identifiers for values above a given threshold and over area or solid-angle range. Integration over the extent of a planar region, or of the surface of a solid. Integration over the width a frequency band. Integration over the angle in three-dimensional space that an object subtends at a point. Identifiers for ionospheric regions. The layer of the ionosphere that exists approximately 50 to 95 km above the surface of the Earth. One of several layers in the ionosphere. A layer of ionised gas occurring at 90-150km above the ground. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also called the The Kennelly-Heaviside layer. A layer that contains ionized gases at a height of around 150-800 km above sea level, placing it in the thermosphere. the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also known as the Appleton layer. The region at the upper most areas of the ionosphere. Identifiers for the regions surrounding the planet Jupiter. A second largest moon of Jupiter and the third-largest moon in the solar system. The sixth-closest round moon of Jupiter. The biggest moon of Jupiter and in the solar system. The innermost of the four round moons of the planet Jupiter. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. Identifiers for the region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. Identifiers for the regions surrounding the planet Mars. The smaller and outermost of the two natural satellites of Mars. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The larger and inner most moon of Mars. Identifiers for the method of making an estimated value of a quantity that forms the basis of an observation. An indication, derived from one or more measurements, of the level of activity of an object or region, such as sunspot number, F10.7 flux, Dst, or the Polar Cap Indices. A map or image depicting the spatial distribution of line-of-sight velocities of the observed object. Free microscopic particles of solid material. A region of space around a charged particle, or between two voltages within which a force is exerted on charged objects in its vicinity. An electric field is the electric force per unit charge. Pieces of matter that are moving very fast. Energetic particles include protons, electrons, neutrons, neutrinos, the nuclei of atoms, and other sub-atomic particles. The spatial coordinates of a body as a function of time. When used as an Instrument Type it represents the process or methods used to generate spatial coordinates. Measurements of the two-dimensional distribution of the intensity of photons from some region or object such as the Sun or the polar auroral regions; can be in any wavelength band, and polarized, etc. A quantity directly related to the operation or function of an instrument. In situ measurements of the relative flux or density of electrically charged particles in the space environment. May give simple fluxes, but full distribution functions are sometimes measured. Irradiance - A radiometric term for the power of electromagnetic radiation at a surface, per unit area. ""Irradiance"" is used when the electromagnetic radiation is incident on the surface. Irradiance data may be reported in any units (i.e. counts/s) due to, for example, being at a particular wavelength, or to being a not-fully-calibrated relative measurement. A region of space near a magnetized body where magnetic forces can be detected (as measured by methods such as Zeeman splitting, etc.). Measurements of the vector or line-of-sight magnetic field determined from remote sensing measurements of the detailed structure of spectral lines, including their splitting and polarization. (""Magnetogram."") Measurements of neutral atom fluxes as a function of look direction; often related to remote energetic charged particles that lose their charge through charge-exchange and then reach the detector on a line-of-sight trajectory. Measurements of neutral atomic and molecular components of a gas. Measurements of a quantity as a function of height above an object such as the limb of a body. A radiometric measurement that describes the amount of electromagnetic radiation that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle in a specified direction. They are used to characterize both emission from diffuse sources and reflection from diffuse surfaces. The distribution of a characteristic of a physical system or phenomenon, such as the energy emitted by a radiant source, arranged in the order of wavelengths. SPICE is an ancillary information system that provides scientists and engineers the capability to include space geometry and event data into mission design, science observation planning, and science data analysis software. The staff of the NASA Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility, NAIF, which is located at JPL provides SPICE support for planetary, heliophysics, and Earth science missions, see https://naif.jpl.nasa.gov/naif/index.html. This SPICE has been adapted from text on NAF hosted web pages. Measurements of the plasma in the energy regime where the most of the plasma occurs. May be the basic fluxes in the form of distribution functions or the derived bulk parameters (density, flow velocity, etc.). Data resulting from observations of wave experiments and natural wave phenomena. Wave experiments are typically active and natural wave phenomena are passive. Examples of wave experiments include coherent/incoherent scatter radars, radio soundings, VLF propagation studies, ionospheric scintillation of beacon satellite signals, etc. Examples of natural wave phenomena include micropulsations, mesospheric gravity waves, auroral/plasmaspheric hiss, Langmuir waves, AKR, Jovian decametric radiation, solar radio bursts, etc. Exerting an influence or producing a change or effect. An active measurement is one which produces a transmission or excitation as a part of the measurement cycle. Movement or effect produced by outside influence. A passive measurement is one which does not produce a transmission or excitation as a part of the measurement cycle. Identifiers for the regions surrounding the planet Mercury. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. Identifiers for the combined attributes of a mixed parameter quantity. A measure of the magnetopause energy flux and an indicator of the solar wind power available for subsequent magnetospheric energization. Defined as: V*B^2*l^2sin(theta/2)^4 where B is the IMF, l is an empirical scaling parameter equal to 7 RE, and theta = tan(BY /BZ)^-1 the IMF clock angle. The ratio of the bulk flow speed to the Alfven speed. Phase velocity of the Alfven wave; In SI units it is the velocity of the magnetic field divided by the square root of the mass density times the permeability of free space (mu). The ratio of the characteristic frequency of a medium to gyrofrequency of a particle. The clockwise angle of the direction of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) measured in the plane of the body pole perpendicular to the line between the body and the Sun. The ratio of the velocity of fast mode waves to the Alfven velocity. Not classified with more specific terms. The context of its usage may be described in related text. The ratio of the plasma pressure (nkT) to the magnetic pressure (B^2/2mu0) of the SUM(nkT)/(B^2/2mu0). The amount of Ultraviolet energy originating from the Sun passing through a unit area in a unit time. In an MHD fluid it is the number density (N) times Boltzmann constant times the temperature in Kelvin. The cross product of the charge velocity (V) and the magnetic field (B). It is the electric field exerted on a point charge by a magnetic field. Identifiers for regions of the gaseous and possibly ionized environment of a body extending from the surface to some specified altitude. The neutral gases surrounding a body that extends from the surface and is bound to the body by virtue of the gravitational attraction. The region in the atmospheric where electrically-charged particles bombarding the upper atmosphere of a planet in the presence of a magnetic field produce an optical phenomenon. A region centered on the equator and limited in latitude by approximately 23 degrees north and south of the equator. The charged or ionized gases surrounding a body that are nominally bound to the body by virtue of the gravitational attraction. The layer of the ionosphere that exists approximately 50 to 95 km above the surface of the Earth. One of several layers in the ionosphere. A layer of ionised gas occurring at 90-150km above the ground. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also called the The Kennelly-Heaviside layer. A layer that contains ionized gases at a height of around 150-800 km above sea level, placing it in the thermosphere. the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also known as the Appleton layer. The region at the upper most areas of the ionosphere. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the Stratosphere to a range of 80 km to 85 km, temperature decreasing with height. When considering the case of the Earth, the mid-latitude region typically refers to two latitudinal bands, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern hemisphere extending from about 23 degrees to 50 degrees. The concept of mid-latitude regions does not apply to all bodies in the solar system and different latitudinal ranges would apply for each body case by case. The mid-latitude regions may be defined by using either planetographic or magnetic coordinates if the magnetic dipole is closely aligned with the spin axis of a magnetized body. Ground magnetometers located at mid latitude on the Earth are well positioned to measure magnetic storm-time ring current variations. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The areas of the globe surrounding the poles and consisting of the region north of 60 degrees north latitude an the region south of 60 degrees south latitude. The region where the Earth's inner van Allen radiation belt makes its closest approach to the planet's surface. The result is that, for a given altitude, the radiation intensity is higher over this region than elsewhere. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the troposphere to about 30 km, temperature increases with height. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer. When considering the case of the Earth, the sub-auroral region typically refers to two latitudinal bands, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern hemisphere extending from about 50 degrees to low 60 degrees. The concept sub-auroral regions does not apply to all bodies in the solar system and different latitudinal ranges would apply for each body case by case. The sub-auroral regions may be defined by using either planetographic or magnetic coordinates if the magnetic dipole is closely aligned with the spin axis of a magnetized body. Ground magnetometers located at sub-auroral latitudes on the Earth measure a mixture of activity driven by auroral zone currents and the ring current. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the Mesosphere to 640+ km, temperature increasing with height. The lowest layer of the atmosphere which begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km (4.4 mi) at the poles and 17 km (10.6 mi) at the equator, with some variation due to weather factors. Identifiers for the regions surrounding the planet Neptune. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The second largest moon of Neptune. The largest moon of Neptune. Identifiers for the characterization of the physical properties of the particle. A property of a physical system usually related to periodic phenomena that remains constant under slowly varying conditions. A constant of motion related to the gyromotion of a particle in a magnetic field that is either static or slowly varying with respect to the gyroperiod. The magnetic moment is usually denoted by using the lower case Greek letter for mu, 5, and can be calculated by using 5 = m u^2/2B where m is the particle mass, u is the velocity of the particle perpendicular to the constant or average magnetic field direction, and B is the magnitude of the magnetic field strength. The second adiabatic invariant is associated with periodic bounce motion of charged particles trapped between two magnetic mirrors on a magnetic field line. The second invariant, termed J, is defined by using the integral J = m &int; v|| * ds where m is the mass of the charged particle, v|| is the particle velocity along the field line, and ds represents elemental arc lengths along the field line. The second adiabatic invariant is conserved as long as changes in the background magnetic field occur at time scales much longer than the bounce time of the charged particles. The third invariant for charged particle motion in a dipolar magnetic field is associated with drift of its guiding center in the equatorial plane. The conserved quantity, J₂, is equal to q&Phi; where q is the particle charge and &Phi; is the magnetic flux enclosed within the particle drift path. An angular measure of the direction from which an energetic particle or photon was incident on a detector. The angles may be measured in any coordinate system. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom as determined by a detector. A measure of the composite deficit (positive) or excess (negative) of electrons with respect to protons. The number of ionized particles passing through a unit area per unit time, for instance as measured by a Faraday cup. Charge of a fully or partially stripped ion, in units of the charge of a proton. Charge state of a bare proton = 1. The number of events per unit time. The number of detection events occurring in a detector over the detector accumulation time. Dynamic pressure is a measure of the kinetic energy per unit volume of a fluid. For instance, the solar wind dynamic pressure or ram pressure for a purely proton plasma is equal to m_p n V² where m_p is the proton mass, n the proton number density, and V the solar wind speed. The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work (potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy) A function of thermodynamic quantity, such as temperature, pressure, or composition, that is a measure of the energy that is not available for work during a thermodynamic process. It is often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system. The amount of energy per unit volume. The amount of energy passing through a unit area in a unit time. The kinetic energy, E, per unit net charge, q, that is E/q, for an electron or an ionized atom, molecule, or dust particle. The rate at which particles or energy is passing through a unit area in a unit time. The volume of matter passing through a unit area perpendicular to the direction of flow in a unit of time. The time integral of a flux. A fluence does not have any ""per unit time"" in its units. A measure of the gathering power of a particle detector. The geometric factor can be used to correct particle measurements by accounting for the fact that only a fraction of source particles are able to gain entry through the aperture of a detector. For an isotopic source distribution, the geometric factor corresponds to the solid angle subtended by the aperture. In practice, determination of the geometric factor requires numerical modeling and depends on detector design and the characteristics of the source. The number of gyrations around a magnetic guiding center (field line) a charged particle makes per unit time due to the Lorentz force. Flow of thermal energy through a gas or plasma; typically computed as third moment of a distribution function. The L-Shell is the magnetic equatorial radius (in units of planetary radii) of a dipole magnetic field line. For instance, if the L-shell value equals 6 say at Earth, the magnetic field lines cross the magnetic equator at six Earth radii. The L-shell concept can be applied generally to any magnetized planet or satellite with a dominant dipolar magnetic field moment. The measure of inertia (mass) of individual objects (e.g., aerosols). The mass of particles per unit volume. The total number of protons and neutrons (together known as nucleons) in an atomic nucleus. The mass, m, per unit net charge, q, that is m/q, for an electron or an ionized atom, molecule, or dust particle. The number of particles per unit volume. The number of particles passing a unit area in unit time, possibly also per unit energy (or equivalent) and/or per unit look direction. The mean radius for a Gaussian distribution of particles with an axial ratio of 2 and a distribution width that varies as 0.5 radius. A value of zero means no cloud was detected. The particle momentum per unit charge. The particle Rigidity, R, is equal to pc/Ze. The number of particles per unit volume in the six-dimensional space of position and velocity. A number-density-dependent characteristic frequency of a plasma. The force per unit area exerted by a particle distribution or field. The ratio of the bulk flow speed to the speed of sound in the medium. The speed at which sound travels through a medium. A measure of the kinetic energy of random motion with respect to the average. Temperature is properly defined only for an equilibrium particle distribution (Maxwellian distribution). For a Maxwellian distribution, the difference between the mean speed and the speed within which ~69% (one sigma) of all the members of the speed distribution occur. Rate of change of position. Also used for the average velocity of a collection of particles, also referred to as ""bulk velocity"". Identifiers for the characterization of the kind of particle observed by the measurement. A suspension of fine solid or liquid particles in a gas. A positively charged nuclear particle that consists of two protons and two neutrons. Matter consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons which has no net charge. Free microscopic particles of solid material. An elementary particle consisting of a charge of negative electricity equal to about 1.602 x 10^(-19) Coulomb and having a mass when at rest of about 9.109534 x 10^(-28) gram. An atom that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.(Note: Z>2) A group of atoms so united and combined by chemical affinity that they form a complete, integrated whole, being the smallest portion of any particular compound that can exist in a free state An elementary particle that has no net charge and is a constituent of atomic nuclei, and that has a mass slightly large than a proton (1.673 x 10^(-24) gram.) An elementary particle that is a constituent of all atomic nuclei, that carries a positive charge numerically equal to the charge of an electron, and that has a mass of 1.673 x 10^(-24) gram. An elementary particle consisting of a charge of positive electricity equal to about 1.602 x 10^(-19) Coulomb and having a mass when at rest of about 9.109534 x 10^(-28) gram. Identifiers for the characteristics or categorization of an observation. Note: Joe King to provide. A localized, transient volume of the solar atmosphere in which PLAGEs, SUNSPOTS, FACULAe, FLAREs, etc. may be observed. An atmospheric phenomenon consisting of bands of light caused by charged solar particles following the earth's magnetic lines of force. A crossing of the boundary between the undisturbed (except for foreshock effects) solar wind and the shocked, decelerated solar wind of the magnetosheath. An extended region of the corona, exceptionally low in density and associated with unipolar photospheric regions. A coronal hole can be an ""open"" magnetic field in the corona and (perhaps) inner heliosphere which has a faster than average outflow (wind); A region of lower than ""quiet"" ion and electron density in the corona; or a region of lower peak electron temperature in the corona than in the ""quiet"" corona. A solar event (CME) that involves a burst of plasma ejected into the interplanetary medium. CME's may be observed remotely relatively near the sun or in situ in the interplanetary medium. The latter type of observations are often referred to as Interplanetary CME's (ICME's). A wave in the corona of the Sun which produce shock waves on the Sun's chromosphere (Moreton Waves). EIT Waves are produced by large solar flare and expand outward at about 1,000 km/s. It usually appears as a slowly moving diffuse arc of brightening in H-alpha, and may travel for several hundred thousand km. An enhancement of interplanetary fluxes of energetic ions accelerated by interplanetary shocks and/or solar flares. A rapid decrease in the observed galactic cosmic ray intensity following the passage of an outwardly convecting interplanetary magnetic field disturbance, such as those associated with large CME's, that sweep some galactic cosmic rays away from Earth. A magnetospheric disturbance typically defined by variations in the horizontal component of the Earth's surface magnetic field. The variation typically starts with a field enhancement associated with a solar wind pressure pulse and continues with a field depression associated with an enhancement of the diamagnetic magnetospheric ring current. A shock propagating generally anti-sunward through the slower solar wind, often seen in front of CME-associated plasma clouds. A transient event observed in the solar wind characterized as a region of enhanced magnetic field strength, smooth rotation of the magnetic field vector and low proton density and temperature. A crossing of the interface between the shocked solar wind in the magnetosheath and the magnetic field and plasma in the magnetosphere. Emissions of the sun in radio wavelengths from centimeters to dekameters, under both quiet and disturbed conditions. Radio Bursts can be ""Type I"" consisting of many short, narrow-band bursts in the metric range (300 - 50 MHz).; ""Type II"" consisting of narrow-band emission that begins in the meter range (300 MHz) and sweeps slowly (tens of minutes) toward dekameter wavelengths (10 MHz).; ""Type III"" consisting of narrow-band bursts that sweep rapidly (seconds) from decimeter to dekameter wavelengths (500 - 0.5 MHz); and ""Type IV"" consisting of a smooth continuum of broad-band bursts primarily in the meter range (300 - 30 MHz). A sector boundary crossing is a transit by a spacecraft across the heliospheric current sheet separating the dominantly outward (away-from-the-sun) interplanetary magnetic field of one hemisphere of the heliosphere from the dominantly inward (toward-the-sun) polarity of the other hemisphere. Such crossings have multi-day intervals of opposite IMF dominant polarities on either side. An explosive event in the Sun's atmosphere which produces electromagnetic radiation across the electromagnetic spectrum at multiple wavelengths from long-wave radio to the shortest wavelength gamma rays. Intervals of unusually large or small values of solar wind attributes such as flow speed and ion density. The region (SIR) where two solar wind streams, typically having differing characteristics and solar sources, abut up against (and possibly partially interpenetrate) each other. A process by which plasma in the magnetotail becomes energized at a fast rate. Identifiers to characterize the amount and type of manipulation which has been applied to the sampled data. Data wherein sensor outputs have been convolved with instrument response function, often irreversibly, to yield data in physical units. Data in its original state with no processing to account for calibration!!! The study of computer algorithms that improve automatically through experience and by the use of data. Information which is used to train a model. For example, a dataset which is used to determine the weights in a model. Information which is used to determine the fit of a model, often used to reduce overfitting. Information that is only used to test the final output of the model in order to confirm the accuracy of model results. This type of information (i.e. data) is used to detect if the model was unintentionally made to peek on the validation data and resulted in overfitting. Duplicate data are removed from the data stream and data are time ordered. Values are not adjusted for any potential biases or external factors. Identifiers to projections into a coordinate system. A measure of the length of a position or measured vector projected into the i-j (typically X-Y) plane of the coordinate system. A measure of the length of a position or measured vector projected into the i-k (typically X-Z) plane of the coordinate system. A measure of the length of a position or measured vector projected into the j-k (typically Y-Z) plane of the coordinate system. Identifiers for the regions surrounding the planet Venus. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. Identifiers for terms which refine the type or attribute of a quantity. Direction-dependent property. A sequence of values corresponding to the elements in a rectilinear, n-dimension matrix. Each value can be referenced by a unique index. The Fourier transform of the auto correlation function for physical or empirical observations, which describes the general dependence of the time series data values at one instant on the time series data values at another instant. The statistical mean; the sum of a set of values divided by the number of values in the set. A quantity which can be easily identified and measured in a given environment. Relative to polarization, right-hand circularly polarized light is defined such that the electric field is rotating clockwise as seen by an observer towards whom the wave is moving. Left-hand circularly polarized light is defined such that the electric field is rotating counterclockwise as seen by an observer towards whom the wave is moving. The polarization of magnetohydrodynamic waves is specified with respect to the ambient mean magnetic field : right-hand polarized waves have a transverse electric field component which turns in a right-handed sense (that of the gyrating electrons) around the magnetic field. The coherence, Cxy, between two signals x(t) and y(t) is a real-valued function. The square of the coherence is defined by using: Cxy^2 = |Gxy(f)|^2 / Gxx(f)Gyy(f) where Gxy(f) is equal to the cross-spectral density between two time series denoted as x and y, respectively, and Gxx(f) and Gyy(f) are equal to the auto-spectral densities of the same two time series. Values of Cxy 2 always lie in the range between zero and one, 0 = Cxy 2 = 1, in accordance with the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality. A two-dimensional measure of a quantity. The column is the area over which the quantity is measured. Projection of a vector along one of the base axes of a coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the first named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the X axis, but could be the R axis for an RTN coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the second named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the Y axis, but could be the T axis for an RTN coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the third named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the Z axis, but could be the N axis for an RTN coordinate system. An expression of how certain that a quantity is valid or accurate. The central or main part of an object or calculated distribution. For example, the part of a distribution of particles at low energies that is a thermal (Maxwellian) population. The Fourier transform of the cross correlation of two physical or empirical observations. The difference between an observed value and the expected value of a quantity. A measurement within a narrow range of energy and/or solid angle. The spatial relation between an object and another object, the orientation of the object or the course along which the object points or moves. A measurement within a narrow range of solid angle. The angle between a position vector or measured vector (or one of its projections onto a plane) and one of the base axes of the coordinate system. The angle between the projection into the i-j plane of a position or measured vector and the i-axis of the coordinate system. Mathematically defined as arctan(j/i). This term could be also applied to angles measured in different planes, for example the IMF clock angle defined as arctan(|By|/Bz). The angle between the position or measured vector and the i-j plane of the coordinate system. Mathematically defined as arctan(k/SQRT(i^2+j^2)). The angle between the position or measured vector and the k-axis of the coordinate system. Mathematically defined as arctan([SQRT(i^2+j^2)]/k). This term could be also applied to angles between the vector and other components, for example the IMF cone angle defined as arccos(Bx/Bt). The cosine of the angle between two vectors usually between a vector and one of the basis axes defining a Cartesian coordinate system. Three angles and thus three direction cosines are required to define a vector direction in a three dimensional Euclidean space. Projection of a vector along the first named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the X axis, but could be the R axis for an RTN coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the second named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the Y axis, but could be the T axis for an RTN coordinate system. Projection of a vector along the third named axis of a coordinate system. Typically the Z axis, but could be the N axis for an RTN coordinate system. A variable that uses successive bits to encode, this is bitwise encode, a set of conditions by using a composited multibit numeric value. A common example is a bitwise encoded flag that denotes whether various possible errors that may affect a particular measurement. For example, a bit value equal to zero may indicate the absence of a particular error condition while a value equal to one would indicate the possibility that the associated datum should be ignored or used with caution due to the same error categorization. The component of a quantity which is oriented in the same direction of a field. Values that make an model agree with the data. An assemblage of values that a certain relation or common characteristic. The part of an object or distribution surrounding some central body or distribution. For example, the particles above the core energies that show enhancements above the thermal population. Typically, a ""power law tail"" shows a break from the core Maxwellian at a particular energy. Any number z can in general be represented by its complex form with z = a + ib where i, which is defined as the square root of -1, signifies the imaginary component of the number z. The coefficient b is called the imaginary part of the complex number z. A flux measurement in a broad range of energy and solid angle. Integration over the extent of a planar region, or of the surface of a solid. Integration over the width a frequency band. Integration over the angle in three-dimensional space that an object subtends at a point. Polarization where the E-field vector is confined to a given plane The line of sight is the line that connects the observer with the observed object. This expression is often used with measurements of Doppler velocity and magnetic field in magnetograms, where only the component of the vector field directed along the line of sight is measured. A measure of the strength of a vector quantity or length of its representational vector. The largest value of a batch or sample or the upper bound of a probability distribution. The measure of central tendency of a set of n. values computed by ordering the values and taking the value at position (n. + 1) / 2 when n. is odd or the arithmetic mean of the values at positions n. / 2 and (n. / 2) + 1 when n. is even. The smallest value of a batch or sample or the lower bound of a probability distribution. Parameters determined by integration over a distribution function convolved with a power of velocity. Having the same direction as a given direction The maximum value for the quantity in question, over a period of time which is usually equal to the cadence. At right angles to a given direction. Variations in the state of a system. A point or portion in a recurring series of changes. Phase difference between two or more waves, normally expressed in degrees. The Power Spectral Density, PSD, is the measure of signal power content versus frequency, energy, wave number, etc. A PSD is typically used to characterize broadband random signals. The amplitude of the PSD is normalized by the spectral resolution employed to digitize the signal. A measure of the length of a position or measured vector as projected into a plane of the coordinate system. A measure of the length of a position or measured vector projected into the i-j (typically X-Y) plane of the coordinate system. A measure of the length of a position or measured vector projected into the i-k (typically X-Z) plane of the coordinate system. A measure of the length of a position or measured vector projected into the j-k (typically Y-Z) plane of the coordinate system. Similar to or having the appearance of something else. Can be used to indicate an estimation or approximation of a particular quantity. The relative magnitudes of two quantities. Any number z can in general be represented by its complex form with z = a + ib where i, which is defined as the square root of -1, signifies the imaginary component of the number z. The coefficient a is called the real part of the complex number z. A quantity that is completely specified by its magnitude and has no direction. Characterized as a range or continuum of frequencies. The square root of the average of the squares of deviations about the mean of a set of data. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of spread or variability. A set of four parameters (usually called I,Q, U and V) which describe the polarization state of an electromagnetic wave propagating through space. A distribution of particles concentrated in a narrow energy band. The band may be may be aligned with a secondary feature. For example, it may occur in a narrow cone aligned with the mean magnetic field direction. The part of an object or distribution surrounding some central body or distribution evident in a second break in the distribution function (e.g., a different power law). It consists of a population at a higher energies than for a halo. Equal distribution about one or more axes. A generalized linear ""quantity"" or ""geometrical entity"" that can be expressed as a multi-dimensional array relative to a choice of basis of the particular space on which it is defined. The summation of quantities over all possible species. The sum of the elements on the main diagonal (the diagonal from the upper left to the lower right) of a square matrix. A statistically defined discrepancy between a measured quantity and the true value of that quantity that cannot be corrected by calculation or calibration. A measure of dispersion of a set of data points around their mean value. The expectation value of the squared deviations from the mean. A set of parameter values each along some independent variable (e.g., components of a field in three orthogonal spatial directions; atmospheric temperature values at several altitudes, or at a given latitude and longitude;). Identifiers for areas of the physical world which may be occupied or observed. A small extraterrestrial body consisting mostly of rock and metal that is in orbit around the sun. A relatively small extraterrestrial body consisting of a frozen mass that travels around the sun in a highly elliptical orbit. The third planet from the sun in our solar system. The region between the bow shock and the magnetopause, characterized by very turbulent plasma. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The only natural satellite of the Earth. The gaseous and possibly ionized environment of a body extending from the surface to some specified altitude. For the Earth, this altitude is 2000 km. The neutral gases surrounding a body that extends from the surface and is bound to the body by virtue of the gravitational attraction. The region in the atmospheric where electrically-charged particles bombarding the upper atmosphere of a planet in the presence of a magnetic field produce an optical phenomenon. A region centered on the equator and limited in latitude by approximately 23 degrees north and south of the equator. The charged or ionized gases surrounding a body that are nominally bound to the body by virtue of the gravitational attraction. The layer of the ionosphere that exists approximately 50 to 95 km above the surface of the Earth. One of several layers in the ionosphere. A layer of ionised gas occurring at 90-150km above the ground. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also called the The Kennelly-Heaviside layer. A layer that contains ionized gases at a height of around 150-800 km above sea level, placing it in the thermosphere. the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also known as the Appleton layer. The region at the upper most areas of the ionosphere. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the Stratosphere to a range of 80 km to 85 km, temperature decreasing with height. When considering the case of the Earth, the mid-latitude region typically refers to two latitudinal bands, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern hemisphere extending from about 23 degrees to 50 degrees. The concept of mid-latitude regions does not apply to all bodies in the solar system and different latitudinal ranges would apply for each body case by case. The mid-latitude regions may be defined by using either planetographic or magnetic coordinates if the magnetic dipole is closely aligned with the spin axis of a magnetized body. Ground magnetometers located at mid latitude on the Earth are well positioned to measure magnetic storm-time ring current variations. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The areas of the globe surrounding the poles and consisting of the region north of 60 degrees north latitude an the region south of 60 degrees south latitude. The region where the Earth's inner van Allen radiation belt makes its closest approach to the planet's surface. The result is that, for a given altitude, the radiation intensity is higher over this region than elsewhere. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the troposphere to about 30 km, temperature increases with height. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer. When considering the case of the Earth, the sub-auroral region typically refers to two latitudinal bands, one in the northern hemisphere and the other in the southern hemisphere extending from about 50 degrees to low 60 degrees. The concept sub-auroral regions does not apply to all bodies in the solar system and different latitudinal ranges would apply for each body case by case. The sub-auroral regions may be defined by using either planetographic or magnetic coordinates if the magnetic dipole is closely aligned with the spin axis of a magnetized body. Ground magnetometers located at sub-auroral latitudes on the Earth measure a mixture of activity driven by auroral zone currents and the ring current. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the Mesosphere to 640+ km, temperature increasing with height. The lowest layer of the atmosphere which begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km (4.4 mi) at the poles and 17 km (10.6 mi) at the equator, with some variation due to weather factors. The outermost area of a solid object. The solar atmosphere extending roughly from the outer corona to the edge of the solar plasma at the heliopause separating primarily solar plasma from interstellar plasma. The region extending radially outward from the heliospheric termination shock and in which the decelerated solar wind plasma is still significant. The region of the heliosphere extending radially outward from the solar coronal base to just inside 1 AU. The heliospheric region near the Earth which extends to and includes the area near the L1 and L2 Lagrange point. The region of the heliosphere extending radially outward from just outside 1 AU to the heliospheric termination shock. A roughly toroidal region that includes the Earth's orbit, but exclusive of the region near the Earth. The region between stars outside of the star's heliopause. The fifth planet from the sun in our solar system. A second largest moon of Jupiter and the third-largest moon in the solar system. The sixth-closest round moon of Jupiter. The biggest moon of Jupiter and in the solar system. The innermost of the four round moons of the planet Jupiter. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The forth planet from the sun in our solar system. The smaller and outermost of the two natural satellites of Mars. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The larger and inner most moon of Mars. The first planet from the sun in our solar system. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The seventh planet from the sun in our solar system. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The second largest moon of Neptune. The largest moon of Neptune. The ninth (sub)planet from the sun in our solar system. The sixth planet from the sun in our solar system. The forth-largest moon of Saturn. The sixth-largest moon of Saturn. It is currently endogenously active. The smallest known body in the Solar System that is geologically active today. The third-largest moon of Saturn and the eleventh-largest in the Solar System. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The smallest and least massive of the round moons of Saturn. The second-largest moon of Saturn and the ninth-largest moon in the Solar System. The third largest moon of Saturn. The largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest moon in the Solar System, The star upon which our solar system is centered. The region of the Sun's (or a star's) atmosphere above the temperature minimum and below the Transition Region. The solar chromosphere is approximately 400 km to 2100 km above the photosphere, and characterized by temperatures from 4500 - 28000 K. The outermost atmospheric region of the Sun or a star, characterized by ionization temperatures above 10^5 K. The solar corona starts at about 2100 km above the photosphere; there is no generally defined upper limit. The region inside the body which is not visible from outside the body. The atmospheric layer of the Sun or a star from which continuum radiation, especially optical, is emitted to space. For the Sun, the photosphere is about 500 km thick. A very narrow (<100 km) layer between the chromosphere and the corona where the temperature rises abruptly from about 8000 to about 500,000 K. The eighth planet from the sun in our solar system. The fourth-largest moon of Uranus. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The smallest and innermost round moon of Uranus. The second-largest and second most massive mon of Uranus, and the ninth most massive moon in the Solar System. The largest inner spherical moon of Uranus. The largest moon of Uranus and the eighth largest moon in the Solar System. The third largest and fourth most massive moon of Uranus. The second planet from the sun in our solar system. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. Identifiers for the reference component of a plot or rendering of data. A spectrum or set of colors used to represent data values. Parallel to or in the plane of the horizon or a base line. Perpendicular to the plane of the horizon or a base line. Identifiers for the assigned or assumed function or position of an individual. An individual who is an expert on a collection of resources and may also be knowledgeable of the phenomenon and related physics represented by the resources. This includes librarians, curators, archive scientists and other experts. An individual who is a scientific peer and major participant in an investigation. An individual who is peer of a principal investigator and is an administrative and scientific lead for an investigation. An entity responsible for making contributions to the content of the resource. An individual who generated the resource and is familiar with its provenance. An individual who is an administrative or scientific leader for an investigation operating under the supervision of a Principal Investigator. The developer of a system to imitate a situation or process. An individual who had served as the administrative and scientific lead for an investigation, but no longer assumes that role. An individual who can provide information on a range of subjects or who can direct you to a domain expert. An individual who can provide specific information with regard the hosting of a resource or supporting software. An individual who is the designated leader of an instrument or intrument package. An individual who can affect a change in the metadata describing a resource. A Mission Manager is a rolename used by the ESA. The Mission Manager corresponds to the Project Manager role used by NASA but the Mission Manager role only begins after the launch of the mission. An individual who is the administrative and scientific lead for a mission. An individual who is the administrative and scientific lead for an investigation. An individual whose major task entails direction of program team members such that the full organization achieves the objectives and goals of a program. The Program Manager is expected to provide clear guidance and resolve conflicts and issues while maintaining focus on achieving program success. A program scientist is someone who performs a range of scientific program planning duties, takes responsibility for the science content of flight mission programs or projects. A program scientist develops, reviews, and provides recommendations for proposed program requirements, expected results, budgetary estimates and also establishes methods and procedures to reduce program costs, provides expert advice to management on strategic planning and program development, develops and manages research program, and presents issues and proposes solutions to senior management. An engineer tasked with the full suite of responsibilities as a project transitions through requirements derivation and preliminary design into controlled hardware development, assembly and environmental testing. The Project Engineer manages a team while developing the cadence of hardware manufacturing and assembly until instrument deployment and through the end of the mission. An individual whose major task entails direction of project team members such that the full organization achieves the objectives and goals of the mission. The Project Manager is expected to provide clear guidance and resolve conflicts and issues while maintaining focus on achieving mission success. An individual who is an expert in the phenomenon and related physics explored by the project. A project scientist may also have a managerial role within the project. An individual, organization, institution or government department responsible for the production and dissemination of a document. An individual who is an expert in the phenomenon and related physics represented by the resource. An individual who is the designated leader of an investigation. An individual who is a major participant in an investigation. An individual who can provide specific information with regard to the resource or supporting software. An individual who utilizes a resource or service. Identifiers for the regions surrounding the planet Saturn. The forth-largest moon of Saturn. The sixth-largest moon of Saturn. It is currently endogenously active. The smallest known body in the Solar System that is geologically active today. The third-largest moon of Saturn and the eleventh-largest in the Solar System. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the auroral zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. One of the major current systems confined within planetary magnetospheres. The ring current circles in the magnetic equatorial plane of magnetospheres. It is generated by the longitudinal drift of energetic charged particles trapped on inner, dipole-like magnetospheric field lines. At the Earth, the ring current is carried by 10 to 200 keV charged particles typically located at L-shells between 3 and 6. The ring current is also the primary driver of the Sym H and Dst Indices of magnetic storm activity at the Earth. The smallest and least massive of the round moons of Saturn. The second-largest moon of Saturn and the ninth-largest moon in the Solar System. The third largest moon of Saturn. The largest moon of Saturn and the second-largest moon in the Solar System, Identifiers for scaling applied to a set of numbers. Intervals which are equally spaced. Intervals which are spaced proportionally to the logarithms of the values being represented. Identifiers for the characterization of the function or purpose of a source. A complementary item which can be subordinate, subsidiary, auxiliary, supplementary to the primary item. A representation of an image which is suitable to reveal most or all of the details of the image. A collection of organized information, usually the results of experience, observation or experiment, or a set of premises. This may consist of numbers, words, or images, particularly as measurements or observations of a set of variables. The structured arrangement of items in a collection. A small representation of an image which is suitable to infer what the full-sized imaged is like. Identifiers for names associated with wavelengths. Based on the ISO 21348 Solar Irradiance Standard. Additions have been made to extend the frequency ranges to include those used in space physics. Those additions are indicated in blue text. The "Total Solar Irradiance" category has not been included since it is a type of measurement and not a specific spectral range. See Appendix A - Comparison of Spectrum Domains for a comparison of the spectral ranges with other systems. A spectrum with a wavelength of range centered near 393.5 nm. VSO nickname: Ca-K image with range of 391.9 nm to 395.2 nm. A spectrum with a wavelength range of 10.0 nm to 125.0nm. VSO nickname: EUV image with a range of of 10.0 nm to 125.0 nm A spectrum with a wavelength range of 122 nm to 200.0nm. VSO nickname: FUV image with a range of 122.0 nm to 200 nm Photons with a wavelength range: 0.00001 to 0.001 nm A spectrum with a wavelength range centered at 656.3 nm. VSO nickname: H-alpha image with a spectrum range of of 655.8 nm to 656.8 nm. Photons with a wavelength range: 0.001 to 0.1 nm and an energy range of 12 keV to 120 keV A spectrum with a wavelength range centered at 1082.9 nm. VSO nickname: He 10830 image with a range of 1082.5 nm to 1083.3 nm. A spectrum centered around the resonance line of ionised helium at 304 Angstrom (30.4 nm). Photons with a wavelength range: 760 to 1.00x10^6 nm A spectrum with a wavelength range centred at 769.9 nm. VSO nickname: K-7699 dopplergram with a range of 769.8 nm to 770.0 nm. Lyman-Birge-Hopfield band in the far ultraviolet range with wavelength range of 140nm to 170 nm. Photons with a wavelength range: 1.00x10^6 to 1.50x10^7 nm A spectrum with a wavelength range of centered at 589.3 nm. VSO nickname: Na-D image with a range of 588.8 nm to 589.8 nm. A spectrum with a wavelength range centered at 676.8 nm. VSO nickname: Ni-6768 dopplergram with a range of of 676.7 nm to 676.9 nm. Photons with a wavelength range: 380 to 760 nm Photons with a wavelength range: 100,000 to 1.00x10^11 nm X-Rays with an energy range of 0.12 keV to 12 keV. Photons with a wavelength range: 10 to 400 nm. Photons with a wavelength in the visible range for humans. Photons with a wavelength range: 0.001 <= x < 10 nm Identifiers for the manner in which a response from a URL is presented. Access to a file containing the data. A Heliophysics Application Programmer Interface (HAPI) specification compliant access point. A listing of files - either through FTP or HTTP. A web search interface that requires additional input. A URI template that contains special fields as defined in URI Template specification <http://tsds.org/uri_templates>. A web page that provides and overview of available data and links. A Web-based service that uses SOAP, WSDL or UDDI open standards. Identifiers for regions of the star upon which our solar system is centered. The region of the Sun's (or a star's) atmosphere above the temperature minimum and below the Transition Region. The solar chromosphere is approximately 400 km to 2100 km above the photosphere, and characterized by temperatures from 4500 - 28000 K. The outermost atmospheric region of the Sun or a star, characterized by ionization temperatures above 10^5 K. The solar corona starts at about 2100 km above the photosphere; there is no generally defined upper limit. The region inside the body which is not visible from outside the body. The atmospheric layer of the Sun or a star from which continuum radiation, especially optical, is emitted to space. For the Sun, the photosphere is about 500 km thick. A very narrow (<100 km) layer between the chromosphere and the corona where the temperature rises abruptly from about 8000 to about 500,000 K. Identifiers for the information useful in understanding the context of an observation, typically observed or measured coincidentally with a physical observation. An ancillary parameter that denotes the standard or degree of accuracy, trustworthiness, or usefulness of another parameter. Parameters that indicate the status or health state of instruments or monitoring devices as measured in physical units such as that for current, voltage, or temperature. Housekeeping data can be analyzed to determine whether instruments are working correctly and the knowledge of their values may be used to avoid errors or even device failures. An indication of a state (mode) in which the instrument is operating. How a mode influences the interpretation and representation of data is described in instrument related documentation. The specification of the directional alignment of an object or measurement in a reference coordinate system. The orientation such as a spacecraft spin axis attitude is usually expressed as one or more angles relative to the basis axes of some specified physical space usually together with the date/time of the observation. Not classified with more specific terms. The context of its usage may be described in related text. The specification of the location of an object or measurement within a reference coordinate system. The position is usually expressed as a set of values corresponding to the location along a set of orthogonal axes together with the date/time of the observation. A tensor that is used to perform vector data transformation from one coordinate system to another. The time required for an object such as a spacecraft or planet to perform one full rotation in a given frame of reference. An angular based or normalized parameter that specifies the spin state of an object such as a spacecraft or planet in a specific coordinate system usually together with the date/time of the observation. The angular rate of change of the spin angle of an object such as a spacecraft or planet. Parameters that include full packets of data from monitoring devices or the memory addresses of datum within telemetry packets. The data comprising telemetry packets are typically expressed by using non-physical engineering units and may be used to express a variety of device operating conditions such as command acceptance/execution, housekeeping, event characterization, memory dumps, and science data. Telemetry packets may be raw or unpacked. Pertaining to time. Rate of change of position. Also used for the average velocity of a collection of particles, also referred to as ""bulk velocity"". Identifiers for the encoding of sequences of characters. A sequence of characters that adheres to American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) which is an 7-bit character-coding scheme. Text in multi-byte Unicode format. Identifiers for the characterization of the physical properties of a wave. Decrease of radiant energy (relative to the background continuum spectrum). Alternating electric field component of a wave. Alternating magnetic field component of a wave. The ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to incident radiation upon it. Change in the frequency of a propagating wave due to motion of the source, the observer, the reflector, or the propagation medium. The energy emitted spontaneously per unit bandwidth (typically frequency) per unit time per unit mass of source. Emissivity is usually integrated over all directions/solid angles. The amount of energy passing through a unit area in a unit time. The spectral width of a total absorption line having the amount of absorbed radiant energy being equivalent to that in an observed absorption line. The number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time. The number of gyrations around a magnetic guiding center (field line) a charged particle makes per unit time due to the Lorentz force. The measurement of radiant or wave energy per unit detector area per unit bandwidth per unit solid angle per unit time. The measure of the amount of absorption below the continuum (depth) in a particular wavelength or frequency in an absorption spectrum. Lower hybrid oscillations involve longitudinal motions of electrons and ions in a magnetized plasma. The propagation of lower hybrid waves must be close to perpendicular to the background magnetic field in so that electrons cannot move along field lines thus preventing wave growth. The lower hybrid frequency, &Phi;_LH, can be calculated by using &Phi;_LH = [(&Omega;_ce&Omega;_ci)^-1 + &Phi;_pi^-2]^-1/2 where &Omega;_ce and &Omega;_ci are the electron and ion cyclotron frequencies, respectively, and Phi;_LH is the ion plasma frequency. A region of space near a magnetized body where magnetic forces can be detected (as measured by methods such as Zeeman splitting, etc.). In helioseismology the magnitude of oscillation of waves of a particular geometry. A number-density-dependent characteristic frequency of a plasma. Direction of the electric vector of an electromagnetic wave. The wave can be linearly polarized in any direction perpendicular to the direction of travel, circularly polarized (clockwise or counterclockwise), unpolarized, or mixtures of the above. Electromagnetic energy flux transported by a wave characterized as the rate of energy transport per unit area per steradian. Time difference between transmission and reception of a wave in an active wave experiment. A set of four parameters (usually called I,Q, U and V) which describe the polarization state of an electromagnetic wave propagating through space. Upper hybrid oscillations involve longitudinal motions of electrons perpendicular to the magnetic field. The upper hybrid frequency, &Phi;_UH, is governed by the relationship&Phi;_UH^2 = &Phi;_pe^2 + &Theta;_ce^2 where &Phi;_pe is electron plasma frequency and &Theta;_ce is the electron cyclotron frequency. Rate of change of position. Also used for the average velocity of a collection of particles, also referred to as ""bulk velocity"". The volume emission rate, e(r, t, l), is the number of photons emitted per unit source volume per second, i.e. photons/(m3 s), as measured along the line of sight between the source point and the observer. The Volume Emission Rate is in general a function of the line-ofsight distance, r, time, t, and wavelength, l. The Volume Emission Rate is actually not a directly measurable quantity. However, the term has been commonly used in both data product descriptions and research publications. The peak-to-peak distance over one wave period. Identifiers for the carrier or phenomenum of wave information observed by the measurement. Electric and magnetic field variations in time and space that propagate through a medium or a vacuum with the wave's propagation, electric field, and magnetic field vectors forming an orthogonal triad. Waves in this category are detected by having their field quantities measured. Collective longitudinal electric-field and plasma oscillations trapped within a body of plasma. Periodic or quasi-periodic oscillations of fluid quantities. Hydrodynamic waves in a magnetized plasma in which the background magnetic field plays a key role in controlling the wave propagation characteristics. Electromagnetic waves detected by techniques that utilize their corpuscular character (e.g., CCD, CMOS, photomultipliers). Self-consistent collective oscillations of particles and fields (electric and magnetic) in a plasma. Identifiers for experimental and natural wave phenomena. Exerting an influence or producing a change or effect. An active measurement is one which produces a transmission or excitation as a part of the measurement cycle. Movement or effect produced by outside influence. A passive measurement is one which does not produce a transmission or excitation as a part of the measurement cycle. A list of whole number values where the order of the values is fixed. A space separates each value. For example, "1 2 3". SPASE Identifier